The human desire to extend life, beat death, and unlock the mysteries of consciousness has long been the stuff of science fiction. But in recent decades, science fiction has slowly begun to merge with scientific possibility. Three controversial and fascinating frontiers of science—human cloning, cryonics, and mind uploading—promise to reshape our understanding of life, death, and identity.

Human Cloning: A Copy of Me?

Cloning refers to creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. In 1996, Dolly the sheep made headlines as the first successfully cloned mammal from an adult cell. Since then, cloning technology has advanced, but it remains ethically and legally restricted in many countries—especially when it comes to cloning humans.

The idea of cloning a human being raises many questions. Would the clone be truly “you,” or just a person with the same DNA? Would they have your memories, thoughts, or personality? Probably not. A clone might look like you but would grow up in a different environment, have different experiences, and develop its own identity.

Some argue cloning could help infertile couples have genetically related children, or allow the creation of genetically matched organs for transplants. Others fear it could lead to “designer babies,” the exploitation of clones, or a loss of individuality.

Cryonics: Freezing the Future

Imagine being able to pause death by freezing your body until medicine advances enough to bring you back to life. That’s the basic idea behind cryonics—preserving a human body (or just the brain) at extremely low temperatures shortly after legal death, in the hope that revival might be possible someday.

Cryonics is not widely accepted as a proven science. While a small number of companies offer this service, no human has ever been revived after cryonic preservation. Critics argue that the freezing process damages cells beyond repair, and that the technology needed to repair or regrow organs—let alone reverse death—may never arrive.

Still, believers in cryonics see it as a chance, however slim, at a second life. It’s a gamble: a bet on future science. If successful, it could change how we define death and aging forever.

Mind Uploading: Life After Biology

Perhaps the most radical of these ideas is mind uploading—the transfer of a human consciousness into a computer or artificial body. The goal is to scan the brain in such detail that thoughts, memories, emotions, and personality can be digitally preserved or even simulated.

In theory, this could allow a person to “live” forever as a digital version of themselves—interacting in virtual worlds or even controlling robotic bodies. But is a digital copy really you, or just a simulation? Can consciousness be copied? Could you have multiple versions of yourself running at once?

Mind uploading touches on both science and philosophy. To upload a mind, we would need to understand the human brain far better than we do now, down to the smallest chemical and electrical details. But even then, transferring or copying consciousness raises enormous ethical and metaphysical questions: Are we more than the sum of our memories? What makes a person truly “alive”?

The Big Picture: What It All Means

All three ideas—cloning, cryonics, and mind uploading—force us to confront what it means to be human. Is our identity based on our DNA, our memories, our physical body, or something deeper like the soul? Can science overcome death, or will it only create new versions of life that are still different from us?

These technologies also pose major ethical and social challenges. Who gets access to them? What are the risks of misuse? How would societies change if death became optional—or if digital humans could outlive biological ones?

While many of these concepts remain experimental or theoretical, they push the limits of what we think is possible. Whether they lead to breakthroughs or cautionary tales, one thing is clear: the future of humanity may be far stranger—and more fascinating—than we ever imagined.

Classroom Discussion Questions

❖ GENERAL THOUGHTS

1. Which of these ideas—cloning, cryonics, or mind uploading—do you find most fascinating? Why?
2. Do you think humans will ever defeat death? If so, how? If not, why not?

❖ CLONING

3. Would you ever want to meet your own clone? What do you think the experience would be like?
4. Should cloning humans be allowed if it becomes safe? Why or why not?
5. Would a human clone have the same rights as any other person?

❖ CRYONICS

6. If you could be cryonically frozen today and revived in 200 years, would you do it? Why or why not?
7. What challenges would a revived person face in a future society?
8. Should people be allowed to spend large sums of money on cryonics, even if the technology might never work?

❖ MIND UPLOADING

9. Would a digital copy of you really be you, or just a simulation?
10. If your mind could live on after your body dies, would you consider that immortality?
11. What are some benefits and dangers of living in a digital form?

❖ ETHICAL & SOCIETAL IMPACT

12. Who should be in charge of regulating these technologies? Governments? Scientists? The public?
13. What impact could these technologies have on religion, culture, and relationships?
14. Do you think these ideas are progress or a step too far?

🧬 Cloning Vocabulary

❄️ Cryonics Vocabulary

🧠 Mind Uploading Vocabulary

⚖️ Ethics & Society Vocabulary

Facing Fear: Phobias and How to Overcome Them

Fear is a natural and necessary part of being human. It helps us avoid danger, stay safe, and survive. But sometimes fear goes beyond what’s reasonable. It becomes irrational, intense, and difficult to control. That’s when we use the word phobia—a strong, often illogical fear of something that poses little or no actual threat.

Phobias are surprisingly common. Millions of people around the world live with them. Some can be mild and manageable, while others can seriously interfere with daily life. But where do phobias come from, and how can they be treated?

What Is a Phobia?

A phobia is more than just a dislike or fear. It is an anxiety disorder, causing a person to feel extreme fear when faced with a specific object, situation, or even thought. People with phobias usually try to avoid whatever triggers their fear, even if it means changing their daily habits or avoiding places.

Phobias usually fall into three categories:

1. Specific phobias – fear of a particular object or situation (like spiders or flying).
2. Social phobia (social anxiety) – fear of being judged, embarrassed, or rejected in social situations.
3. Agoraphobia – fear of open or crowded spaces, often linked to panic attacks.

Common Phobias

Many phobias are surprisingly ordinary—and shared by large numbers of people. Here are some of the most well-known ones:

Some of these, like fearing snakes or heights, may come from natural survival instincts. Others, like fear of clowns or balloons, seem less logical—yet they can feel just as real to the person experiencing them.

Irrational Phobias

Some phobias are so unusual that they seem almost humorous to outsiders. Yet for those who suffer from them, the fear is very real. These are sometimes called irrational or bizarre phobias, and they include:

• Ablutophobia – Fear of washing or bathing
• Nomophobia – Fear of being without one’s mobile phone
• Xanthophobia – Fear of the color yellow
• Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia – Ironically, the fear of long words
• Pogonophobia – Fear of beards
• Lachanophobia – Fear of vegetables

These phobias might develop from negative childhood experiences, traumatic events, or even from seeing others express fear. Social and cultural influences can also shape what we’re afraid of.

Where Do Phobias Come From?

Phobias often start in childhood or adolescence, though they can appear at any age. Here are a few key sources:

• Trauma – A negative experience (e.g. being bitten by a dog) can create a long-lasting fear.
• Learned behavior – Watching a parent or peer express fear can influence one’s own reactions.
• Genetics and brain chemistry – Some people may be biologically more prone to anxiety.
• Media and culture – Horror movies, news, and cultural stories can shape what people fear.

Sometimes, there’s no clear cause at all. The fear simply exists—and grows stronger over time unless it’s addressed.

How to Beat a Phobia

The good news is that phobias can be treated. Many people overcome their fears with time, effort, and support. Here are some common strategies:

1. Exposure Therapy

This involves slowly and repeatedly facing the fear in a safe and controlled way. For example, a person with a fear of dogs might start by looking at photos, then watch videos, and eventually meet a friendly dog.

2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT helps people understand and change the thoughts and beliefs behind their fear. It teaches techniques to stay calm and rational when faced with anxiety.

3. Relaxation Techniques

Deep breathing, meditation, mindfulness, and muscle relaxation can help reduce the physical symptoms of fear and panic.

4. Medication

In some cases, doctors may prescribe anti-anxiety medication to help manage severe phobias, especially when they interfere with daily life.

5. Support Groups or Peer Support

Sharing experiences with others who understand can reduce the feeling of being “weird” or alone in one’s fear.

6. Virtual Reality (VR) Therapy

Newer technologies like VR allow people to face their fears in a simulated environment, which can feel real but remain safe.

Final Thoughts

Phobias are more than just fears—they’re powerful emotional responses that can limit a person’s freedom and confidence. But with the right tools and support, even the most intense phobia can be faced and overcome. Understanding where our fears come from—and learning how to challenge them—can help us grow stronger, braver, and more compassionate toward others who may be quietly struggling too.

🎓 Classroom Discussion Questions

❖ GENERAL UNDERSTANDING

1. What’s the difference between a fear and a phobia?
2. Do you think most phobias are learned, inherited, or a mix of both?

❖ PERSONAL REFLECTION

3. Do you have a phobia, or know someone who does? How does it affect everyday life?
4. Is there a fear you used to have as a child that you’ve overcome?

❖ IRRATIONAL PHOBIAS

5. Which irrational phobia did you find the most surprising or strange?
6. Why do you think the brain can develop fears of things that aren’t dangerous?

❖ TREATMENTS & COPING

7. What’s the best way to help someone with a phobia?
8. Would you try exposure therapy to face a fear? Why or why not?
9. Do you think technology like virtual reality will change how we treat fears?

❖ ETHICS & SOCIETY

• Are some phobias more accepted in society than others? Why do you think that is?

• Should phobias be treated like other medical conditions? Why or why not?

GENERAL PHOBIA VOCABULARY

🧠 PSYCHOLOGY & ORIGINS

🧪 TREATMENTS & SOLUTIONS

🕷️ COMMON PHOBIAS

🤯 IRRATIONAL / UNUSUAL PHOBIAS

🎓 DISCUSSION & REFLECTION TERMS

What Do You Stand For? A Look at Values and How They Shape Us

Every day, we make decisions—some big, some small. What we wear, how we speak, who we help, and even what we post online are all influenced by something deeper: our values.

Values are the core beliefs and principles that guide our behavior. They shape how we see the world, how we treat others, and what we believe to be right or wrong. They help us decide what is important in life and influence our goals, relationships, and priorities. But where do values come from, and can they change? Are all values equally good, or are some questionable?

🌱 What Are Values?

In simple terms, values are the things we believe truly matter. They’re not material objects, but ideas that define our personal compass. For example, someone might highly value honesty, while another person might prioritize success, freedom, or kindness. Values influence our identity and behavior—even when we’re not fully aware of them.

Common personal values include:

• Honesty
• Loyalty
• Respect
• Responsibility
• Compassion
• Justice
• Courage
• Freedom
• Tolerance
• Hard work
• Peace

Values aren’t rules, but they act like invisible guidelines for what we consider acceptable or admirable.

🧬 Where Do Values Come From?

Our values come from many sources:

• Family – Parents and relatives often pass down values through upbringing and example.
• Culture and religion – Societies and belief systems shape collective ideas about what is “good” or “bad.”
• Education – Schools and teachers can strongly influence values like discipline, curiosity, or cooperation.
• Media and pop culture – TV shows, music, social media, and celebrities also send powerful value messages.
• Personal experience – Sometimes, painful or powerful life events help us define what really matters to us.

Though many values are learned early, they can also shift with time, especially after major life changes.

🔍 Questionable or Conflicting Values

Not all values are automatically good—or universally accepted. Some values may appear noble on the surface but lead to harmful results if taken to the extreme.

Example:

• Valuing loyalty is often seen as a virtue. But if someone stays loyal to a toxic friend or harmful leader, is it still good?
• Ambition can lead to progress, but when paired with selfishness, it might lead to greed or exploitation.

Sometimes, two good values clash. For instance:

• A journalist may value truth, but also wants to protect people’s privacy.
• A person may value freedom, but also wants safety in society. These aren’t always easy to balance.

Thinking critically about values helps us avoid blind loyalty or harmful decisions made “in the name of principle.”

⏳ Do Values Change Over Time?

Yes—values can and do change, both on a personal and societal level.

On a personal level:

• A teenager might value popularity, but as they grow older, they may shift toward deeper values like family, stability, or authenticity.
• After surviving a health scare, a person may begin to value well-being more than career success.

On a societal level:

• In the past, many societies valued strict obedience and gender roles. Today, more people value equality, individual expression, and mental health.
• Environmental awareness has grown from a minor concern to a major global value over just a few decades.

Shifts in values don’t mean that old values were “wrong,” but they reflect changes in perspective, technology, or needs.

🧭 Why Do Values Matter?

Values guide choices—both big and small:

• Career paths: A person who values creativity may become an artist. One who values helping others might choose nursing or teaching.
• Relationships: Trust, respect, and communication are all based on shared values.
• Social issues: Our values influence how we vote, protest, volunteer, or advocate.

When we don’t live according to our values, we may feel lost or conflicted. When we do live by them, we often feel more confident, focused, and at peace with ourselves.

That’s why understanding and reflecting on our values is one of the most powerful ways to build a meaningful life.

Discussion Questions for the Classroom

❖ PERSONAL & GENERAL UNDERSTANDING

1. What are values? How do they influence everyday decisions?
2. Can you name three values that are very important to you? Why?
3. Where do you think most of your values come from (family, culture, experience)?

❖ QUESTIONABLE & CONFLICTING VALUES

4. Can a value be both good and bad depending on the situation? Give an example.
5. Have you ever had to choose between two values that were in conflict? What happened?
6. Can two people with very different values still be close friends or partners? Why or why not?

❖ CHANGING VALUES

7. What values were important to you five years ago? Have they changed?
8. What are some values that have become more important in modern society? Why?
9. Do you think future generations will have different values from today? In what way?

❖ VALUES & SOCIETY

• Should governments promote certain values (like equality or tolerance)? Why or why not?

• What happens when a society loses its shared values?

• Are there any values that should be taught more strongly in schools?

GENERAL VOCABULARY ON VALUES

🌱 TYPES OF VALUES

🔍 QUESTIONABLE / CONFLICTING VALUES

🧬 SOURCE & DEVELOPMENT OF VALUES

⏳ CHANGING VALUES

🧠 THINKING & REFLECTING

What’s in a Name? More Than You Think

We all have one. Some of us love ours. Others wish they could change it. But one thing is certain: names are powerful.

They’re the first thing people know about us. They’re on our ID cards, in our inboxes, on birthday cakes and diplomas. But names are much more than just labels—they carry cultural baggage, social meaning, and personal history. And whether we like it or not, our names can affect how others see us, treat us, and even how we see ourselves.

👶 Where Do Names Come From?

Names often reflect the time, place, and culture we’re born into. Some are traditional, passed down from grandparents. Others are trendy, chosen from celebrity baby lists or popular culture. In some cultures, names are chosen for their meaning (e.g., “Hope,” “Victor,” “Amira”), while in others, names might be based on astrology, religion, or family status.

In Finland, for example, names like “Aino” or “Matti” may be seen as traditional, while newer names like “Luna” or “Elias” reflect more modern tastes.

But names are never just sounds—they come with associations.

🧠 Names and Preconceptions

Without realizing it, we often make snap judgments based on names. For example:

• A name might suggest a certain gender, ethnic background, or social class.
• Some names may sound elegant or educated, while others may be seen as old-fashioned or low-status.
• “Exotic” names might be seen as interesting by some and hard to pronounce or “foreign” by others.

In one famous study, teachers were shown identical essays with different names on top—some “high-status” (like Elizabeth or James) and others “low-status” (like Tyrell or Britney). Guess what? The same essays got different grades depending on the name.

The same thing has been shown in job applications: people with more “mainstream” names often get more interview invitations, even if their qualifications are identical to those with “ethnic” or unusual names.

💡 Names and Identity

Names are one of the first things we learn about ourselves. Kids quickly realize whether their name is considered “cool” or “weird,” easy to say or hard to remember. Over time, a name can become part of your identity—or something you want to escape.

Some people feel empowered by their names. Others feel their name doesn’t fit them, or that it causes them to be misunderstood.

In some cases, people choose to change their names—to feel more confident, to blend in, or to express a different part of themselves. Transgender people often choose new names that match their gender identity. Immigrants might adopt local names to make life easier in a new country.

Names can also affect how we behave. If your name is “Joy,” do people expect you to be cheerful? If you’re named after a famous person, does that bring pressure or pride?

💔 Attractive vs. Unattractive Names?

Studies have shown that people associate certain names with attractiveness, intelligence, and success. For example:

• Names that are short and easy to pronounce are often rated more positively.
• Certain names become “fashionable” and are perceived as more youthful or creative.
• Older names might be seen as “boring” or “serious,” even if those ideas are based on nothing but trends.

It’s important to remember these are just perceptions, not truths. Still, the effects can be real in social life, dating, and even education.

🏫 Do Names Affect Grading or School Life?

Unfortunately, yes—sometimes they do.

• Teachers may unknowingly have biases toward names that sound more familiar or “academic.”
• Students with unusual or foreign names might be mispronounced, ignored, or made fun of.
• Some students may be expected to do better—or worse—based simply on the name on the attendance list.

This is why it’s important for teachers to be aware of name-based assumptions and for schools to foster respect for all kinds of names.

🎭 So, Does a Name Define You?

A name can influence your life path, but it doesn’t have to define you. We all have the power to create meaning in our names—whether by proudly carrying one that’s been passed down for generations, embracing a unique name that stands out, or choosing a new name that feels more “you.”

In the end, who you are matters more than what you’re called—but names still matter.

Classroom Discussion Questions

❖ PERSONAL & IDENTITY

1. Do you like your name? Why or why not?
2. What does your name mean, and where does it come from?
3. Do you know anyone who has changed their name? Why did they do it?
4. Would you ever want to change your name? If yes, what would you choose?

❖ PERCEPTIONS & STEREOTYPES

5. Do you think people judge others based on names? Why?
6. Can you think of a name that sounds “rich,” “smart,” or “cool”? Why does it seem that way?
7. Have you ever met someone whose name gave you the wrong first impression?
8. How do you feel when someone mispronounces your name?

❖ CULTURE & SOCIETY

9. Are some names more respected in your culture than others? Why?
10. Do you think names can affect a person’s success in school or work? Give an example.
11. Should people be more open to different kinds of names, including ethnic or unusual ones?

❖ DEEPER REFLECTION

• If you could name yourself today, what would your name be, and what would it say about you?

• Do names carry power? Can a name change the way someone sees themselves?

• Is it fair to judge people by their names? Why does it happen anyway?

• How can we make schools and workplaces more respectful of all names and backgrounds?

✅ Vocabulary List (English–Finnish)

TikTok: The Popular App with a Dark Side?

TikTok has become one of the most popular social media platforms in the world. With over 1 billion active users globally, it’s easy to see why. From viral dance challenges to life hacks and funny skits, TikTok offers something for everyone. But like any other app, it comes with its own set of pros and cons. Is TikTok just harmless fun, or is it a source of potential harm? Let’s dive into the complexities of the platform.

📱 The Pros of TikTok

1. Creativity and Self-expression
TikTok allows users to showcase their creativity in short, engaging videos. Whether it’s through dancing, acting, singing, or storytelling, TikTok offers a platform for people to express themselves in ways that might not have been possible on more traditional platforms like Facebook or Instagram.

2. Community and Connection
Unlike other social media sites, TikTok encourages users to create content around specific interests, allowing them to find like-minded people quickly. This sense of community can be empowering, especially for those who might feel isolated in real life. Creators can also connect directly with their followers through comments and live streams.

3. Education and Inspiration
While TikTok is known for entertainment, it’s also a source of learning and inspiration. Many creators share life hacks, cooking recipes, educational facts, language lessons, and even professional advice. This can make the platform a valuable resource for learning in a fun and engaging way.

4. Viral Trends and Challenges
TikTok has made viral trends and challenges a central part of its culture. These trends can be fun, encourage creativity, and bring people together to participate in global movements. For example, challenges like the “Ice Bucket Challenge” and the “Renegade Dance” have gone viral, sparking large-scale participation.

🚨 The Cons of TikTok

1. Addictiveness
TikTok is designed to be highly addictive. The endless stream of videos, often personalized to fit your interests, makes it easy to lose track of time. The “For You” page, which shows content tailored to each user’s preferences, can keep people scrolling for hours without realizing it. The algorithm is optimized to keep users engaged, creating a cycle of dopamine-driven consumption.

2. Mental Health Concerns
While TikTok offers entertainment, it can also negatively impact mental health. Studies have shown that heavy use of social media platforms can lead to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. TikTok’s emphasis on appearance, popularity, and trends can encourage unrealistic beauty standards and promote toxic comparison. The pressure to get likes and followers can also lead to a sense of validation-seeking behavior.

3. Privacy and Safety Risks
TikTok has faced criticism for privacy concerns. Since its launch, the app has been accused of collecting too much data about its users, including their location, browsing habits, and personal preferences. There have also been concerns about cyberbullying, inappropriate content, and the potential for exploitation of younger users. In 2020, the U.S. government even threatened to ban TikTok over national security issues related to its data practices.

4. Misinformation and Manipulation
TikTok, like other social media platforms, is also vulnerable to the spread of misinformation. Users can easily upload false or misleading content, and the algorithm can amplify it if it gains traction. TikTok has been criticized for allowing dangerous challenges, conspiracy theories, and political propaganda to spread quickly. Furthermore, there’s concern that the platform might manipulate users’ emotions by showing content designed to keep them engaged, even if it’s not always in their best interest.

⚖️ Is TikTok Dangerous or Just Another App?

The short answer: Both.

TikTok is a powerful platform that has changed the way people interact with social media. It has positive aspects, like its creativity, community, and educational value. But it also has a dark side, with issues related to privacy, addiction, mental health, and misinformation.

One of the main dangers of TikTok is its addictiveness. Users can lose hours of their day to endless scrolling, and that can affect their sleep, productivity, and even their physical health. The app’s emphasis on external validation—such as likes, views, and followers—can make users feel pressured to conform to trends and appearances, leading to stress and anxiety.

Another issue is the manipulation of users through the algorithm. The “For You” page isn’t just a random assortment of videos; it’s curated to keep you watching. The more time you spend on TikTok, the more the app learns about your preferences. This can create an environment where users feel stuck in a cycle, constantly feeding the algorithm with their attention.

🧠 How to Approach TikTok in a Healthy Way

If you choose to use TikTok, there are ways to engage with the platform more mindfully:

1. Set Time Limits
To avoid the trap of endless scrolling, it’s important to set boundaries. Apps like TikTok can easily take up more time than you realize, so it’s helpful to use time management tools to remind you when it’s time to stop.

2. Be Selective About What You Watch
Focus on following accounts that contribute positively to your well-being—whether they inspire creativity, teach something new, or provide positive entertainment. Avoid content that promotes unrealistic beauty standards or spreads negativity.

3. Protect Your Privacy
Always be aware of your privacy settings. TikTok collects a lot of personal data, so consider limiting what you share, such as your location or other personal information. Be cautious when interacting with people you don’t know online.

4. Take Breaks
It’s easy to get sucked into TikTok’s algorithm, but regular breaks are essential for maintaining a healthy relationship with social media. Use those breaks to engage in real-life activities like spending time with friends, exercising, or pursuing hobbies.

🗣️ Discussion Questions

Personal Reflection

1. Do you use TikTok? How often do you use it?
2. Do you find TikTok to be addictive? How much time do you usually spend on it?
3. Do you feel like TikTok has affected your mental health in any way (positively or negatively)?

Impact on Mental Health and Society

4. How do you think TikTok influences people’s body image or self-esteem?
5. Do you think the “likes” and “followers” system on TikTok adds pressure to be someone you’re not? Why or why not?
6. How can TikTok be more mindful of users’ privacy and mental health?

Ethical Issues

7. How should TikTok handle the spread of misinformation and dangerous challenges?
8. Do you think TikTok should do more to regulate content aimed at young people? What kind of content should be banned or restricted?
9. Should people be responsible for what they post online, or is it up to the platform to monitor content?

Ways to Use TikTok Responsibly

How can TikTok be used as a tool for education or positive social change?

What steps can you take to ensure that your use of TikTok is healthy and doesn’t negatively impact your well-being?

Vocabulary List (English–Finnish)

Becoming an Adult: Rights and Responsibilities at 18

In many countries, turning 18 marks the official transition from adolescence to adulthood. At this age, individuals are granted several important rights that can affect their lives in significant ways. These rights and responsibilities can vary greatly from one country to another, but they generally include things like voting, getting a driver’s license, buying alcohol, and getting married. While 18 is the age of majority in many places, the question remains: Are 18-year-olds truly ready for the responsibilities that come with adulthood?

1. The Driving License: Special Permission at 17

In many countries, the driving license is one of the first steps towards independence. However, in some countries, young people can drive with special permission at 17 years old. In the U.S., for instance, 17-year-olds can obtain a learner’s permit or a restricted license, depending on the state. In Finland, the legal age for driving is 18, but there are exceptions for younger drivers who can obtain a license under certain conditions, such as supervised driving.

The ability to drive is often seen as a rite of passage into adulthood. It provides freedom and flexibility but also requires a great deal of responsibility. With the privilege of driving comes the obligation to follow traffic laws, keep others safe, and make decisions that avoid dangerous situations. Many people believe that 18 is the right age to make these decisions independently, but there are arguments that the maturity required for driving is not always fully developed at this age.

2. Voting: A Right to Influence Society

Voting is perhaps one of the most significant rights granted at the age of 18. In most democratic countries, 18-year-olds are allowed to participate in national elections and have a say in the political decisions that shape their future. This right symbolizes the recognition of adulthood and political maturity.

However, some argue that just because someone is old enough to vote doesn’t mean they are always ready to understand the complexities of political issues. Voting requires critical thinking and an understanding of how various policies affect society. In some countries, the age of voting is even higher, such as 21 in some regions of the U.S., to reflect a belief that people at this age are more likely to make informed decisions.

3. Marriage: A Commitment at 18

In many cultures, marriage is a serious commitment that requires emotional, mental, and financial readiness. In many countries, 18 is the legal age for marriage without parental consent. However, marriage at such a young age can be problematic in some cases, as 18-year-olds may not yet have the maturity or life experience to navigate the complexities of marriage.

Some countries have higher marriage ages, such as 21 or even 25, due to concerns that young people might rush into marriage without fully understanding the responsibilities involved. Marriage, in this sense, is more than just a legal contract—it’s a lifelong commitment that requires emotional stability and an ability to manage relationships and challenges.

4. Drinking Alcohol: Legal at 18 (or 21)

In many countries, the legal drinking age is 18. In some places, like the United States, the drinking age is set at 21. The reasoning behind the higher drinking age often involves concerns about the physical and psychological development of young people. The brain, particularly the areas responsible for impulse control, does not fully mature until the mid-20s.

In countries where the drinking age is 18, there is often a cultural understanding that responsibility comes with the right to drink. However, despite being legally allowed to purchase and consume alcohol at 18, many young people are still figuring out how to handle the responsibility that comes with drinking. Alcohol can have a significant impact on decision-making, and drinking irresponsibly can lead to harmful consequences, such as accidents, violence, and addiction.

5. Are 18-Year-Olds Responsible in All Respects?

Just because someone is legally considered an adult at 18 doesn’t mean they are necessarily ready to handle all the responsibilities that come with adulthood. The idea of maturity—the ability to make informed, balanced decisions—is crucial when we talk about adulthood. Some believe that 18 is too young to take on certain responsibilities, given that the brain’s ability to make long-term, strategic decisions continues to develop well into the 20s.

Psychologists argue that while 18-year-olds may be physically adult, their ability to process complex emotions, make rational decisions, and plan for the future may still be developing. For instance, a young adult might be legally allowed to sign a contract or take out a loan, but might not fully comprehend the financial obligations or the long-term implications of those decisions.

6. Cultural Differences in Defining Adulthood

While 18 is often the age of majority in many Western countries, other parts of the world have different legal definitions of adulthood. In some Asian or Middle Eastern countries, marriage is allowed at an earlier age with parental consent, but the age for other responsibilities, like driving or voting, may be higher.

Moreover, cultural expectations around maturity vary. In some cultures, young people might be expected to take on adult responsibilities much earlier, while in others, the transition to adulthood is slower, with more focus on education and family support before independent decision-making.

Discussion Questions

Personal Reflection

1. At what age did you feel most ready to take on adult responsibilities? Why?
2. Do you think the legal age of adulthood (18) should be higher or lower? Why?
3. How responsible do you feel 18-year-olds are for their actions? What kind of situations might they not be prepared for?

Voting and Politics

4. Do you think 18-year-olds are mature enough to vote on important issues? Why or why not?
5. How can education systems prepare young people to make informed voting decisions?
6. Should the voting age be raised or lowered in your country? Why?

Marriage and Relationships

7. Should 18-year-olds be allowed to marry without parental consent? What are the potential benefits and dangers of early marriage?
8. Do you think marriage at a young age can be successful? Why or why not?
9. How can societies support young people to make informed decisions about relationships and marriage?

Alcohol and Responsibility

10. Is 18 an appropriate age for the legal drinking age? Why or why not?
11. What role does cultural acceptance of drinking play in how responsible young people are with alcohol?
12. How should governments and communities educate young people about the responsible consumption of alcohol?

General Questions on Adulthood

• How do you think the concept of adulthood changes from culture to culture?

• What other rights or responsibilities should 18-year-olds have? Why?

• Do you think there is a difference between being legally an adult and being mature? Explain.

Vocabulary List (English–Finnish)

The Future of Humanity? Genetic Engineering and the Animal-Human Frontier

In recent years, developments in genetic engineering have opened up new frontiers that were once thought to belong only to science fiction. One of the most groundbreaking—and controversial—fields within this area is the possibility of editing the human genome using DNA from animals. With powerful tools like CRISPR-Cas9, scientists now have the ability to “cut and paste” genetic material with precision that was unimaginable a few decades ago. The implications for medicine, biology, and even the definition of what it means to be human are enormous.

What Is Genetic Engineering?

Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA in order to change or enhance its characteristics. While traditional methods of breeding plants or animals relied on natural selection, modern genetic engineering allows scientists to insert or remove specific genes, creating organisms with desired traits.

In humans, genetic engineering is already being explored to treat diseases such as sickle-cell anemia, muscular dystrophy, and certain cancers. Experimental therapies have shown that correcting genetic “mistakes” can drastically improve quality of life—or even save lives. However, what happens when this technology goes beyond repairing what is broken and starts enhancing what already works?

Blurring the Species Barrier: Animal DNA in Human Cells

One of the most controversial possibilities is the use of animal genes in human cells. This process, known as interspecies gene transfer, involves introducing DNA from animals into human genomes. In theory, this could make humans more resistant to diseases, increase organ compatibility for transplants, or even enhance physical or cognitive abilities.

For example, certain animals have incredible biological advantages that scientists are eager to study. Some jellyfish possess genes that allow them to regenerate tissue; tardigrades can survive extreme radiation and dehydration; and pigs have organs that are similar enough to humans to be considered for transplantation. What if such genes could be transferred to humans to increase our resilience or longevity?

Experiments with “chimeric embryos”—early-stage embryos that contain both human and animal cells—have already begun in laboratories in the U.S., China, and Japan. While these embryos are not brought to term, the research aims to one day grow human-compatible organs inside animals for transplantation. However, this raises a series of profound ethical and philosophical questions.

Ethical Concerns and the Human Identity

The prospect of blending human and animal genes provokes strong reactions from ethicists, scientists, and the public alike. A major concern is the issue of consent. Embryos cannot consent to being genetically modified, especially with changes that will affect them for life—and potentially their descendants.

There is also the fear of unintended consequences. Genetic traits are complex, and altering one gene may cause unforeseen effects in another. Creating humans with animal traits—no matter how beneficial—could lead to unpredictable outcomes, both physically and socially.

Another concern lies in the realm of identity and humanity. If a person has genetic material from a non-human species, does that alter what it means to be human? What rights would such individuals have? Could this lead to new forms of discrimination? Or would it push society toward a more inclusive view of humanity?

Religious and cultural beliefs also come into play. Many traditions hold that human life is sacred and separate from the animal kingdom. Mixing the two could be seen as crossing a line that should never be crossed, regardless of the benefits.

Medical Marvel or Moral Mistake?

On the other hand, proponents argue that if we have the tools to eliminate suffering, we have a moral obligation to use them. If animal genes can help cure deadly diseases, protect against pandemics, or extend life expectancy, why not explore their potential? After all, the boundaries between species are already blurred in nature through evolution, and humans have long used animal products in medicine, from insulin to heart valves.

Furthermore, as technology advances, the ability to control and predict genetic outcomes will likely improve. With proper regulation, transparency, and ethical oversight, some believe that genetic engineering could become just another form of medical treatment—albeit a revolutionary one.

An Open Future

As with all scientific breakthroughs, the future of genetic engineering will depend not only on what we can do, but on what we choose to do. The potential benefits are staggering, but so are the moral, social, and biological risks.

The question remains: Should we reshape the human genome with parts borrowed from the animal world? Or are there lines in science that should not be crossed?

Understanding and Interpretation

• What is genetic engineering, and how is it different from traditional methods of altering traits?
• How might using animal DNA in human genetic engineering benefit medical science?

Ethical and Social Considerations

• Do you think it is ethical to mix human and animal DNA? Why or why not?
• If a person were born with enhanced traits thanks to animal genes, how might society treat them?
• Should there be a clear limit to how far we go with genetic engineering? Who should decide where the line is?

Identity and Humanity

• What does it mean to be human? Would adding animal DNA to a person change their identity?
• Do you think people with genetically engineered traits (such as increased strength or intelligence) would face discrimination—or admiration?

Future and Responsibility

• If genetic engineering could cure all inherited diseases, should we use it on all newborns?
• What might happen if only rich people can afford genetic enhancements? How would that affect society?
• Do you think future generations will accept genetic editing as normal, or will it always be controversial?

Creative and Critical Thinking

• If you could safely receive one beneficial gene from an animal, which one would you choose and why?

• Imagine a future where some humans have traits from animals (e.g., better eyesight like an eagle, or underwater breathing like a fish). How would society change?

Genetic Engineering Vocabulary List

General Terms

• genetic engineering – geenitekniikka
• gene – geeni
• genome – genomi
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – DNA (deoksiribonukleiinihappo)
• cell – solu
• cell biology – solubiologia
• organism – eliö, organismi
• species – laji
• trait / characteristic – ominaisuus, piirre
• mutation – mutaatio
• heredity / inheritance – perinnöllisyys
• evolution – evoluutio

Processes & Tools

• gene editing – geenien muokkaus
• CRISPR-Cas9 – CRISPR-Cas9
• cloning – kloonaus
• in vitro – koeputkessa, in vitro
• embryo – alkio
• stem cell – kantasolu
• transplant / transplantation – siirto / elinsiirto
• modification – muokkaus
• enhancement – parantaminen, tehostaminen
• sequencing – sekvensointi, jaksottaminen

Medical & Scientific Context

• disease – sairaus
• disorder – häiriö
• cure – parannuskeino
• resistance – vastustuskyky
• therapy – hoito, terapia
• experiment – koe
• laboratory – laboratorio
• compatible – yhteensopiva
• regenerative – uudistava
• biotechnology – bioteknologia

Ethical & Social Issues

• ethics – etiikka
• ethical dilemma – eettinen ristiriita / pulma
• identity – identiteetti
• humanity – ihmisyys
• consent – suostumus
• discrimination – syrjintä
• equality – tasa-arvo
• enhancement vs. healing – parantaminen vs. vahvistaminen
• moral boundary – moraalinen raja
• controversial – kiistanalainen

Adjectives for Discussion

• experimental – kokeellinen

• ethical – eettinen

• controversial – kiistanalainen

• artificial – keinotekoinen

• natural – luonnollinen

• beneficial – hyödyllinen

• harmful – haitallinen

• futuristic – futuristinen, tulevaisuuden-

• risky – riskialtis

• permanent – pysyvä

Doping in Sports: Should It Be Allowed or Banned Forever?

Doping—using performance-enhancing substances to gain an edge in sports—has been a controversial topic for decades. From Olympic athletes to professional cyclists, doping scandals have rocked the world of competitive sports. But while the general attitude toward doping has been negative, some people are beginning to ask difficult questions: Should doping be allowed under medical supervision? Would it make sports more entertaining? Or is it a dangerous path that destroys the ethics of fair competition?

1. What Is Doping?

Doping refers to the use of banned substances or methods to improve athletic performance. These can include steroids, growth hormones, EPO (erythropoietin), and even blood transfusions. Athletes may use these to run faster, recover quicker, or build muscle more effectively. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) keeps a list of prohibited substances and regularly tests athletes during competitions.

2. Why Do Athletes Dope?

The reasons athletes choose to dope vary. Some feel intense pressure to succeed, especially at the highest levels of sport where careers, fame, and millions of euros or dollars are at stake. Others may believe “everyone is doing it,” and they need to level the playing field. In some cases, doping is part of state-sponsored programs, where athletes may not even have a real choice.

Another argument is that doping can enhance performance, lead to new records, and make sports more exciting for audiences. Supporters of this idea suggest that controlled doping, monitored by doctors, could actually make sports safer by reducing the need for secret and dangerous methods.

3. The Case for Legalizing Doping

Supporters of legalizing doping argue the following:

• Fairness: If doping were allowed for all athletes, the playing field would be level. Everyone would have access to the same tools.
• Entertainment: Spectators love to see records broken. Superhuman performances could bring excitement back to sports.
• Honesty: Instead of pretending sports are “clean,” we could accept the reality and regulate doping to reduce health risks.
• Personal responsibility: Adults should have the right to make their own decisions about their bodies—even in sports.

From this point of view, the current anti-doping system only pushes athletes to hide their drug use and risks their health in the process.

4. The Case Against Doping

On the other hand, many argue that doping should never be allowed:

• Health risks: Many performance-enhancing drugs can cause serious side effects, such as heart problems, hormonal imbalances, and mental health issues.
• Ethics and fairness: Doping gives an unnatural advantage, especially to those with more money, better doctors, or access to underground labs.
• Role models: Athletes are admired by children and teenagers. Allowing doping could send a dangerous message that cheating is acceptable.
• The spirit of sport: Sports are about testing the natural limits of the human body, effort, and discipline—not chemistry or science.

Many sports fans and professionals believe that doping turns sport into a dangerous arms race where the winner isn’t the most talented athlete, but the one with the best pharmacist.

5. Can Doping Ever Be Fully Stopped?

Despite strict testing, doping has not been eliminated. Athletes and coaches find new methods to cheat, often ahead of the testing technologies. Some sports, like cycling and weightlifting, have struggled for years to remove doping from their competitions.

Gene editing, microdosing, and masking agents have made it increasingly difficult to catch cheats. Critics argue that anti-doping efforts are expensive and largely unsuccessful, which raises the question: Is it worth fighting a battle we can’t win?

6. Where Do We Draw the Line?

Not all performance aids are considered doping. For example, using nutritional supplements, high-altitude training, or cryotherapy is allowed and even encouraged. The line between legal and illegal enhancements is often unclear. This brings up an important question: where do we draw the line between natural preparation and unfair advantage?

7. Should It Be an Athlete’s Own Choice?

One of the biggest ethical questions is whether athletes should be allowed to decide for themselves. If an athlete is willing to take the risks and signs an informed consent form, shouldn’t they be allowed to do so?

However, if doping were allowed, young athletes might feel pressured to do it just to stay competitive. The choice would no longer be fully free—it would be influenced by coaches, sponsors, and teammates. That could lead to a situation where doping is no longer optional, but expected.

Conclusion

Doping in sports raises difficult questions about fairness, freedom, health, and the spirit of competition. Should athletes be allowed to make their own choices, even if those choices carry risks? Or should sports remain a symbol of natural human achievement, protected by strict rules?

There is no easy answer. But whether we support or oppose doping, we need to have open and honest discussions—because the future of sport depends on it.

Discussion Questions

Personal and Ethical Views

1. Should doping in sports be completely banned, or should it be allowed under medical supervision?
2. Do you believe doping destroys the idea of fair play? Why or why not?
3. If doping were made legal and safe, would it still be unethical?

Entertainment and Records

4. Would sports be more exciting if athletes could reach superhuman performance levels?
5. How important are world records to the enjoyment of sports?
6. Are fans partly to blame for doping by demanding better and faster performances?

Athletes’ Rights and Responsibilities

7. Should adult athletes be allowed to make their own decisions about using performance-enhancing drugs?
8. If one athlete in a team is doping, does it create pressure for others to do the same?
9. Should athletes caught doping be banned for life or given a second chance?

Health and Safety

10. What are the potential dangers of allowing doping in sports?
11. Could legalizing doping with strict medical guidelines reduce health risks?
12. Should young athletes (under 18) be protected from environments where doping is common?

Broader Impacts

• Where should we draw the line between legal performance enhancement and illegal doping?

• How does doping in professional sports affect young people’s attitudes toward competition and health?

• Do you think anti-doping agencies are effective? Why or why not?

🏅 Vocabulary List: Doping in Sports (English – Finnish)

Left Out: The World Through a Left-Handed Lens

Being left-handed in a right-handed world is a daily exercise in adaptation. From the moment a lefty picks up a pen in primary school, they begin to experience how much of modern life—tools, technology, even culture—has been designed with right-handed people in mind. It’s not just inconvenient; at times, it’s alienating. And while left-handedness is now more accepted, history tells a darker story.

Everyday Frustrations: The Tools Don’t Fit

Roughly 10% of the world’s population is left-handed. Yet most scissors, desks, can openers, gaming controllers, and kitchen utensils are made for the remaining 90%. Even seemingly neutral objects like spiral notebooks or binders can be a nightmare—spirals dig into the hand as a lefty writes, and ink smudges across the page.

In classrooms, especially in the past, writing instruction was tailored to right-handers. The natural left-to-right movement of writing means that left-handed writers must twist their wrist into awkward angles to avoid dragging their hand through their own words. Fountain pens and ink pots made this even worse. Many left-handed students were called messy, careless, or slow—not because they lacked skill, but because the tools were not built for them.

Try using a right-handed pair of scissors with your left hand: the blades don’t align correctly, and you can’t see what you’re cutting. Even magazines, designed to be opened and flipped from the right, subtly remind us which side is considered “normal.”

Dark Times: Forced to Switch Hands

Not long ago, left-handedness was seen as a problem to be fixed. In schools across Europe and the U.S., left-handed children were routinely forced to write with their right hand. Teachers tied left hands behind backs, slapped wrists, or shamed children into switching. This practice was not only physically uncomfortable—it caused emotional and psychological harm.

Many of these students developed stutters, anxiety, or even learning difficulties, as their natural coordination was disrupted. It was a clear message: being different was unacceptable.

This prejudice wasn’t just institutional—it was linguistic and cultural. In Latin, the word sinistra means both “left” and “unlucky” or “evil.” The word “sinister” comes directly from this root. In Italian, sinistra still means “left.” In contrast, “right” in English also means “correct” or “just.”

In some cultures, using your left hand for eating or greeting is still considered impolite. For centuries, the left-handed were associated with witchcraft, clumsiness, or rebellion.

Is Left Better? The Science of Sidedness

Yet, recent research offers a more balanced—and even flattering—perspective. Studies suggest that left-handed individuals may have certain cognitive advantages. They tend to use both hemispheres of the brain more actively, and some evidence links left-handedness with enhanced creativity, better spatial awareness, and higher-than-average intelligence.

Famous left-handers include Leonardo da Vinci, Marie Curie, Barack Obama, and Oprah Winfrey. In fact, four of the last ten U.S. presidents were left-handed. Coincidence—or advantage?

Neurologists and psychologists still debate the origins and implications of handedness. Is it genetic? Environmental? A mix of both? And should we see it as a trait, a difference—or a gift?

The Ethics of Accommodation

At its core, the question is about inclusion. Should society do more to accommodate left-handed individuals—or is expecting adaptation fair? Most left-handers learn to cope, improvise, and even excel in systems that weren’t built for them. But should they have to?

In schools, do teachers get enough training to support left-handed learners? Should standardized tests and tools be redesigned to include left-handed-friendly options? What about workspaces, kitchens, or sports equipment?

On the other hand, some argue that designing everything twice—once for right-handers, once for left—could be costly or inefficient. Others suggest that the burden of adaptation should be shared more equally.

These are not just ergonomic questions. They reflect deeper ideas about equity, normativity, and respect for individual difference.

The Left-Handed Future?

In today’s world, left-handed people are no longer punished—but they are still often overlooked. Whether through smarter design, better awareness, or simple respect, there’s room to create a world that works for everyone, no matter which hand they favor.

So the question remains: will we continue to treat left-handedness as an exception—or finally accept it as a variation worth embracing?

🗣️ Discussion Questions (B2–C1 level)

Understanding & Experiences

1. What are some everyday challenges that left-handed people face?
2. Have you ever had to use an object designed for the opposite hand? How did it feel?

History & Prejudice

3. Why were left-handed children forced to switch hands in school? What effects did this have?
4. How does language show cultural bias against left-handedness (e.g. the word “sinister”)?

Science & Intelligence

5. What possible advantages might left-handed people have, according to recent studies?
6. Do you think being left-handed affects a person’s personality or thinking style?

Ethics & Society

7. Should schools and companies provide more left-handed tools and materials? Why or why not?
8. Is it fair that left-handers must constantly adapt to a world designed for right-handers?

Creative & Critical Thinking

Do you think left-handedness is still treated unfairly today? Why or why not?

Imagine you are designing a classroom for both left- and right-handed students. What would you include?

🗂️ Vocabulary List (English – Finnish)

Core Vocabulary

• left-handed – vasenkätinen
• right-handed – oikeakätinen
• handedness – kätisyys
• tool – työkalu
• scissors – sakset
• notebook – vihko
• spiral – kierre
• writing – kirjoittaminen
• pen – kynä

History & Culture

• forced – pakotettu
• to switch (hands) – vaihtaa (kättä)
• punishment – rangaistus
• prejudice – ennakkoluulo
• discrimination – syrjintä
• shame – häpeä
• superstition – taikausko
• sinister – pahaenteinen, “sinister” (vasen latinassa)
• to exclude – sulkea ulkopuolelle
• norm – normi

Science & Mind

• brain hemisphere – aivopuolisko
• coordination – koordinaatio
• intelligence – älykkyys
• creativity – luovuus
• cognitive – kognitiivinen
• neurological – neurologinen
• advantage – etu
• adaptation – sopeutuminen

Ethical & Social

• variation – vaihtelu

• fairness – oikeudenmukaisuus

• inclusion – osallisuus

• equality – tasa-arvo

• awareness – tietoisuus

• accessibility – saavutettavuus

• design – suunnittelu

• accommodation – mukauttaminen

Why Finland Is the Happiest Country in the World – Again

For eight years in a row, Finland has claimed the top spot in the World Happiness Report, a position that continues to baffle some outsiders but makes perfect sense when you look deeper into Finnish society. The happiness measured in this global report is not about constant joy or superficial cheerfulness. Instead, it’s rooted in stability, security, and a deep sense of trust in society, one another, and the future.

At the core of Finland’s success is a strong social welfare state. Finnish citizens benefit from universal healthcare, free education, generous parental leave, subsidized childcare, and unemployment support. These safety nets ensure that no one is left behind during difficult times. When people know they won’t fall through the cracks, they naturally report higher levels of life satisfaction.

Another key factor is the high level of trust among Finns. Trust is not only placed in close relationships, but also in strangers, institutions, and public services. It’s entirely plausible in Finland to lose your wallet and have it returned, either by a passerby or through the police. This honesty in daily life fosters a society where people feel secure and supported by one another.

This trust also extends to the government and public institutions. While many nations struggle with public cynicism towards politicians, Finland bucks the trend. Transparency in governance, low levels of corruption, and responsive political institutions have earned the Finnish system the faith of its people. While Finns might still grumble about politics at the dinner table, overall belief in the integrity of the system remains surprisingly robust.

Another contributing factor is the homogeneity and cohesion of Finnish society. While this is changing with increasing diversity, the shared cultural norms, values, and history still play a role in the overall sense of unity. A society with fewer deep internal divisions often finds it easier to maintain a stable and equitable system that benefits the majority.

The Finnish way of life is also characterized by a kind of modest, quiet contentment that is quite different from the high-energy, success-driven culture found elsewhere. There’s even a word for it: sisu—the stoic determination and resilience that Finns value deeply. Rather than chasing happiness as a goal, many Finns approach life with calm perseverance and satisfaction in simplicity. There’s beauty in silence, in forests, in the changing seasons, and in knowing when enough is enough.

Nature, in fact, plays a significant role. Finland is covered in lakes, forests, and open landscapes, all accessible to the public through everyman’s rights (jokaisen oikeudet), which allow people to freely roam, forage, and camp. This access to the natural world offers physical and mental well-being, contributing to the overall happiness of the population.

Additionally, the Finnish education system fosters equality and life skills rather than ruthless competition. From a young age, children are taught the importance of community, critical thinking, and balance. This supports long-term happiness and reduces stress, both in school and later in working life.

Finnish culture also includes the freedom to be yourself. Whether you’re an introvert who prefers solitude or someone more social, there’s little pressure to conform to a singular idea of success or happiness. As one Finnish saying goes, “Onni on oma asia”—happiness is a personal matter.

When all of these elements combine—material stability, societal trust, a sense of autonomy, access to nature, and cultural humility—it becomes clearer why Finland continues to rank as the happiest country in the world. Happiness in Finland doesn’t shout. It whispers: in the sound of birds by a frozen lake, in the quiet of a small cabin sauna, in the security of knowing that if you fall, someone—or the system—will help you back up.

Discussion Questions on Happiness

On Happiness in General

1. What does happiness mean to you? How would you define it?
2. Do you think happiness is a choice, a mindset, or a result of circumstances?
3. Can someone be unhappy even if they have everything they need? Why or why not?
4. Is long-term happiness more important than short-term pleasure? Why?

On Happiness and Society
5. Why do you think Finland has ranked highest in the World Happiness Report for several years?
6. How much does trust in other people and in government influence happiness?
7. Do you think a strong welfare state makes people happier? Why or why not?
8. How does inequality affect the happiness of individuals or society as a whole?

On Personal and Cultural Perspectives
9. Do you think people in your country are generally happy? Why or why not?
10. What role does culture play in how people perceive happiness?
11. What can we learn from countries like Finland about how to live better?
12. Do you think it’s easier to be happy in a small, homogeneous country than in a large, diverse one?

On Achieving Happiness
13. What do you personally do to maintain your happiness?
14. What makes you happiest in your everyday life?
15. Can helping others make us happier? Why?
16. If you could change one thing in your life to be happier, what would it be?

💡 Core Vocabulary for Discussing Happiness

🧠 Psychological & Social Concepts

🌍 Societal and Cultural Vocabulary

🔄 Verbs Common in Happiness Discussions

🎮 The Role of Gaming in Young People’s Lives: A Curse or a Superpower?

Video games are no longer just a niche hobby or after-school distraction. For many young people today, gaming is a major part of daily life. Whether they play competitive shooters, story-based adventures, puzzle games, or social simulation games, millions of teenagers spend hours in virtual worlds. But is this something to celebrate—or something to worry about?

1. What Is Gaming Today?

Modern gaming has changed dramatically from the days of arcade machines and pixelated consoles. Today’s games are complex, realistic, and highly social. Players can interact with people from around the world in real time, compete in tournaments, or build entire cities in sandbox games.

Gaming platforms like PlayStation, Xbox, PC, and mobile phones have made games more accessible than ever. Esports (competitive gaming) is now a billion-dollar industry, and some gamers earn a living by streaming their gameplay.

2. Why Do Young People Love Gaming?

There are many reasons why young people are drawn to video games:

• Entertainment: Games are exciting, funny, and visually engaging.
• Social interaction: Multiplayer games allow for teamwork and communication.
• Achievement: Games provide clear goals and rewards.
• Escapism: Games offer a break from stress or real-life problems.
• Identity building: Players can explore different characters and worlds.
• Creativity: Some games encourage building, designing, and storytelling.

3. The Benefits of Gaming

Despite its bad reputation in some circles, gaming can offer real benefits:

• Cognitive skills: Games can improve memory, attention, and problem-solving.
• Language learning: Many games are in English, helping non-native speakers learn vocabulary and slang naturally.
• Hand-eye coordination: Fast-paced games sharpen motor skills.
• Strategic thinking: Strategy games require planning and resource management.
• Teamwork: Multiplayer games teach cooperation and leadership.

In addition, games like Minecraft have even been used in classrooms for education in science, math, and architecture.

4. Why Is Gaming Criticized?

Critics point out several downsides to excessive gaming:

• Addiction: Some players struggle to limit their time and may skip schoolwork or sleep to keep playing.
• Violence: Action games often involve fighting or war, raising concerns about desensitization.
• Isolation: While games are social, too much screen time may reduce real-world interaction.
• Health issues: Long gaming sessions can lead to a sedentary lifestyle, poor posture, and eye strain.
• Toxic behavior: Some online communities can be rude or even hostile.

There is also debate over whether violent games encourage aggressive behavior. Research is mixed, and many experts believe the effect depends on the player, the game, and how much time is spent playing.

5. Addiction and Mental Health

Gaming addiction is now officially recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a mental health condition. It includes symptoms like:

• Loss of control over gaming time
• Prioritizing games over school, friends, or meals
• Negative impacts on mood and sleep

However, it’s important to note that most gamers are not addicted. Moderation and healthy habits are the key.

6. Gaming and Language Learning

For many students around the world, English isn’t just learned in school—it’s picked up through gaming. Games use real-life language, idioms, and slang. Players often have to read, listen, and respond in English. Chat functions in multiplayer games encourage written conversation and communication under time pressure.

In this way, gaming can support language fluency, especially when players are motivated by fun and community rather than classroom rules.

7. Conclusion: Power or Problem?

Gaming is neither entirely good nor entirely bad. It’s a powerful tool, and like any tool, it depends on how it’s used. When approached mindfully, gaming can develop skills, build friendships, and even support learning. But it also carries risks that should not be ignored.

Parents and teachers should focus less on banning games and more on teaching digital responsibility—helping young people balance gaming with other parts of life.

💬 Discussion Questions

Personal Experience

1. What kind of games do you play, if any?
2. Why do you think gaming is so popular among teenagers?
3. How much time do you usually spend gaming each week?

Gaming and Society

4. Should schools use games in teaching? Why or why not?
5. Do violent games encourage violent behavior in real life?
6. Are gamers unfairly stereotyped? How?

Health and Habits

7. Can gaming be addictive? Have you ever felt addicted to a game?
8. How can gamers maintain a healthy balance between screen time and other activities?
9. Should there be rules about how long young people can play?

Language and Learning

10. Have you learned English or another language through gaming?
11. Is gaming a good way to practice vocabulary and communication?
12. How can teachers make use of gaming in language learning?

Ethics and the Future

13. Would you consider a career in game design or esports?

14. Should professional gaming be considered a real job?

15. Do you think games will become even more realistic in the future? Is that good or bad?

📘 Vocabulary List (English–Finnish)

👕 Fashion with a Conscience: Used Clothes and Modern Trends Among Young People

In recent years, something interesting has happened in the world of fashion. Young people are no longer just chasing the latest styles from fast fashion brands — many are exploring second-hand stores, vintage shops, and online marketplaces for used clothing. Fashion, once all about what’s new, is now also about what’s sustainable, what’s unique, and what tells a story. What’s driving this trend, and what are the benefits and downsides?

1. What Is “Used Clothing”?

Used clothing includes anything worn before — second-hand garments from thrift stores, clothes swapped between friends, or pieces bought on apps like Depop, Tise, or Vinted. There’s also a growing trend of upcycling, where old clothes are creatively modified or repurposed into something new.

Buying used clothes was once seen as something people only did when they couldn’t afford new ones. Today, it’s a fashion statement and even a lifestyle choice for many young people.

2. Why Are Young People Choosing Used Clothes?

There are several reasons:

• Affordability: Used clothes are often cheaper than brand-new ones.
• Sustainability: Fashion is one of the most polluting industries. Buying second-hand reduces waste.
• Individuality: Vintage clothes are unique. You’re less likely to dress like everyone else.
• Nostalgia and aesthetics: Styles from the 70s, 80s, or 90s are trendy again.
• Ethical concerns: Fast fashion has been criticized for poor working conditions and low wages.

3. Fast Fashion vs. Slow Fashion

Fast fashion brands produce cheap clothes quickly and often unethically. These clothes are designed to be worn a few times and then thrown away. The environmental cost is high — from the use of water and chemicals to the carbon footprint of transporting products across the globe.

“Slow fashion” is the opposite: it focuses on quality, sustainability, and ethical production. Buying used clothes is a big part of this movement.

4. Environmental Impact of Clothing

Here are a few shocking facts:

• It takes 2,700 liters of water to make one cotton T-shirt.
• Clothes made from synthetic fibers can take hundreds of years to decompose.
• Millions of tons of clothes end up in landfills every year.
• Washing clothes releases microplastics into oceans.

Choosing used clothes can reduce this impact. It extends the life of garments and slows down the cycle of waste.

5. Other Clothing Trends Among Teens

• Gender-neutral fashion: More young people choose clothes based on style, not gender labels.
• DIY fashion: Cutting, painting, and customizing clothes is a growing trend.
• Minimalism: “Less is more” – buying fewer, better pieces rather than many cheap ones.
• Clothing swaps: Events where people trade clothes instead of buying new.
• Eco-friendly materials: Some teens choose new clothes made from organic cotton, bamboo, or recycled fabric.

6. The Downsides of Buying Used Clothes

Of course, second-hand clothing isn’t perfect:

• Quality issues: Used clothes may be worn out or damaged.
• Sizing problems: It can be hard to find the right size or fit.
• Time-consuming: Thrifting takes more effort than shopping at malls.
• Limited availability: You may not find exactly what you want.
• Hygiene concerns: Some people worry about cleanliness, though most second-hand stores wash their stock.

Still, many believe the advantages outweigh the negatives — especially considering the planet’s health.

💬 Discussion Questions

Personal Experience

1. Do you ever buy used clothes? Why or why not?
2. Have you ever donated clothes or sold them online?
3. What’s your favorite item of clothing and where did you get it?

Fashion and Society

4. Why do you think used clothing is becoming more popular?
5. Are young people more environmentally conscious than older generations?
6. Do social media trends influence how people dress?

Environmental and Ethical Issues

7. How does fast fashion harm the environment?
8. Should schools educate students about ethical fashion?
9. Can clothing be both cheap and sustainable?

Creativity and Identity

10. Would you like to learn how to upcycle or sew your own clothes?

11. What do your clothes say about you?

12. Do you think fashion is a good way to express your personality?

📘 Vocabulary List (English–Finnish)

🚀 The Voyager Probes: Humanity’s Message in a Bottle

In 1977, NASA launched two spacecraft, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, on a mission to explore the outer planets of our solar system. What began as a four-year mission has turned into a journey spanning over four decades, with both probes now venturing into interstellar space—the realm between stars. These spacecraft carry with them the Golden Record, a time capsule intended to communicate the story of our world to extraterrestrials.

🌌 The Journey Beyond

Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were designed to take advantage of a rare planetary alignment, allowing them to visit Jupiter and Saturn, with Voyager 2 also exploring Uranus and Neptune. After completing their primary missions, both probes continued their journey outward. Voyager 1 entered interstellar space in 2012, followed by Voyager 2 in 2018, becoming the only human-made objects to do so.

📀 The Golden Record: Earth’s Greeting to the Cosmos

Each Voyager spacecraft carries a 12-inch gold-plated copper disc known as the Golden Record. Curated by a team led by astronomer Carl Sagan, the record contains:

• 116 images depicting life on Earth, including human anatomy, animals, and landscapes.
• Natural sounds such as thunder, birdsong, and whale calls.
• Musical selections from various cultures and eras, featuring artists like Bach, Beethoven, and Chuck Berry.
• Greetings in 55 languages, offering messages of peace and goodwill.
• Printed messages from then-U.S. President Jimmy Carter and U.N. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim.

The record serves as a snapshot of Earth’s diversity, intended for any intelligent life that might encounter it.

🌠 Humanity’s Reach for the Stars

The Voyager missions symbolize humanity’s innate desire to explore and connect. By sending the Golden Record into the cosmos, we express hope that we are not alone and that our message might one day be received. Carl Sagan eloquently stated, “The launching of this ‘bottle’ into the cosmic ‘ocean’ says something very hopeful about life on this planet.”

🛰️ Significance of the Voyager Probes

Beyond their scientific achievements, the Voyager probes represent a unifying human endeavor. They carry the collective voice of humanity, transcending borders and cultures. As they journey through the stars, they serve as ambassadors of Earth, bearing messages of peace, curiosity, and the human spirit.

💬 Discussion Questions

Future Endeavors: If you were to create a new message for extraterrestrials today, what would you include?

Personal Reflection: How does the idea of the Golden Record make you feel about humanity’s place in the universe?

Cultural Representation: Do you think the contents of the Golden Record adequately represent Earth’s diversity? Why or why not?

Communication Challenges: What challenges might extraterrestrials face in interpreting the Golden Record?

Ethical Considerations: Should we be sending messages into space without knowing who might receive them?

💬 Discussion Questions: What If We Met Aliens?

1. If humans were to meet extraterrestrial beings, who should represent Earth—and why?
2. Should we automatically trust an alien species that contacts us—or assume they might be dangerous?
3. What signs or actions would help us decide whether aliens are here to help or to harm?
4. How might human assumptions about good vs. evil influence our response to extraterrestrials?
5. Could a misunderstanding of alien customs lead to conflict? How might we avoid that?
6. If aliens are much more advanced, should we try to learn from them—or protect ourselves from possible manipulation?
7. How would humanity react emotionally and politically if aliens considered us primitive?
8. Could an alien society have values so different from ours that peaceful coexistence would be impossible?
9. What kinds of cooperation could exist between humans and extraterrestrials (e.g., science, medicine, exploration)?
10. How might contact with aliens challenge or reinforce religious beliefs and ideas about humanity’s purpose?
11. Should we be open about everything on Earth, or keep some things hidden from extraterrestrials?
12. How would we distinguish between a hostile invasion and an accidental alien landing?
13. Should extraterrestrial beings be allowed to live on Earth? Under what conditions?
14. Is it safer not to send signals into space to avoid attracting dangerous civilizations?
15. If peaceful aliens came to Earth, should they have legal rights? Who decides?

📘 Vocabulary List (English–Finnish)

Prepared for classroom use by Maxx Perälä’s Treasure Trove of English Materials

LOVE: A Language With Many Dialects

Love is one of the most powerful emotions in human life—and one of the most complex. When we say we “love,” what do we really mean? Do we love in the same way when we say “I love you” to a romantic partner, “I love this song,” or “I love my dog”? Of course not. Love comes in many forms, and each kind has its own color, tone, and meaning. Let’s take a closer look at different kinds of love.

1. Romantic Love (rakkaus)
This is perhaps the kind most often shown in movies, songs, and novels. Romantic love includes passion, desire, and deep emotional connection. It often begins with attraction—how someone looks, talks, or makes you laugh. But lasting romantic love goes beyond appearance. It requires trust, communication, and commitment. In teenage years, this kind of love can be exciting but also confusing. Many people experience their first heartbreak when romantic love doesn’t work out.

2. Unrequited Love (yksipuolinen rakkaus)
Sometimes, the person you love doesn’t love you back. This is called unrequited love. It can feel painful and unfair. You might write poems about them, think about them constantly, or hope they’ll finally notice you—but they don’t. Almost everyone goes through this at some point. It’s part of growing up and learning how emotions work. The good news? Time heals most heartbreaks.

3. A Mother’s Love (äidinrakkaus)
Parental love, especially a mother’s love, is usually the first love we experience. It is unconditional—meaning it doesn’t depend on how we behave or what we achieve. A loving parent is there when you succeed, but also when you fail. Motherly love can be protective, supportive, and endlessly patient. For some people, it’s their emotional foundation. Of course, not all families are perfect, but when this love is present, it is incredibly strong.

4. Love for an Animal (rakkaus eläimeen)
Have you ever cried over a pet? If so, you understand how deep the bond with an animal can be. Pets give us joy, companionship, and comfort. They don’t judge us, and they’re always happy to see us. People often say they love their dog or cat like a family member—and that love is real. It can even help reduce stress and loneliness.

5. Sibling Love (sisarrakkaus)
Siblings can be annoying—but they can also be your best friends. You share a history, family, and often inside jokes that no one else understands. Sibling love can be complicated: there may be competition, jealousy, or arguments, but also loyalty and deep connection. Over time, many people grow closer to their brothers or sisters and appreciate this unique relationship.

6. Friendship and Camaraderie (ystävien välinen toveruus)
Not all love is romantic or family-based. Love between close friends—especially friends who’ve been through a lot together—can be just as meaningful. Think of a teammate, bandmate, or childhood friend who truly “gets you.” This kind of love includes respect, trust, shared laughter, and support. Good friends love you not because they have to, but because they choose to.

7. Love of Country (rakkaus kotimaahan)
Patriotism means loving your country—not in a blind or aggressive way, but through appreciation for your culture, history, language, and values. People express this love in different ways: voting, learning national history, or simply feeling proud of being Finnish. It can also mean wanting to make your country better.

8. Love for a Hobby or Activity (rakkaus harrastusta kohtaan)
When you love doing something—whether it’s drawing, gaming, playing music, baking, coding, or skateboarding—it shows. Time flies when you’re doing it. You feel joy, purpose, and even flow (a state of full concentration). Some people build careers out of what they love. Others simply enjoy the activity as part of their identity.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

What do you think is more important: being loved or loving someone?

Which kind of love do you think is the strongest? Why?

Have you ever experienced unrequited love? How did you deal with it?

What’s something you really love doing? How does it make you feel?

How is love for a friend different from love for a sibling?

Is it possible to love someone you’ve never met (e.g., a celebrity or online friend)?

Do you think people can fall out of love? Why or why not?

How does Finnish culture express love compared to other cultures?

Can love be dangerous? In what situations?

What role does love play in your future dreams or plans?

VOCABULARY – ENGLISH–FINNISH

🎧 The Rise of Streaming: Music in the Digital Age

Gone are the days when music lovers eagerly browsed through record stores, flipping through vinyl albums or CDs to find their favorite songs. For today’s youth, music is just a tap away. Platforms like Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube have revolutionized the way people listen to music. Instead of owning a physical copy, young listeners now stream songs on demand, often for free or for a small monthly fee. This shift has changed not only how music is consumed but also how it is created, marketed, and valued.

The Pros of Streaming

There’s no denying the convenience. Streaming gives access to millions of songs anytime, anywhere. You can create personalized playlists, discover new artists through algorithms, and instantly share tracks with friends. For young people, it’s also a way to shape identity—“What music do you listen to?” is a common question in forming social bonds.

Streaming platforms also give small or independent artists a chance to be heard globally without needing a record deal. In theory, anyone can upload their music and find a following. This democratizes the music industry in ways that were impossible before.

The Dark Side: Artists Get Pennies

Despite its convenience, the streaming model has serious downsides. While major platforms make billions in revenue, most musicians earn shockingly little. An artist may need thousands of streams just to earn enough for a cup of coffee. For smaller bands, this makes making a living off music nearly impossible. Instead, many rely on live shows, merchandise, or crowdfunding to survive.

To make things worse, band merchandise—hoodies, vinyls, shirts—has become outrageously expensive. Fans are expected to pay top euro for items that were once affordable. For many young people, supporting artists in a meaningful way is financially out of reach.

Live Music in Trouble

Club gigs used to be the heart of a band’s rise to fame. Today, smaller venues are closing due to high costs, lack of funding, or limited audience interest. Meanwhile, live music has moved to massive stadiums or festivals with sky-high ticket prices. The result? Music becomes less about the performance and more about money and scale. Young people may find it harder to experience the intimacy and energy of a live concert in a small venue.

From Albums to Algorithms

Music used to be crafted into carefully produced albums—stories told through sound. Today, algorithms encourage short, catchy songs that go viral on TikTok. Artists often feel pressured to release constant content rather than spend time perfecting a record. Critics argue this has led to “fast food” music: cheap, repetitive, and forgettable.

Image Over Substance?

In the streaming era, image matters—perhaps more than ever. Social media, streaming platform photos, and video thumbnails mean an artist’s appearance can be as important as their sound. Youth and beauty are often prioritized over originality or musical talent. This shift has pushed many talented but less “marketable” artists into the shadows.

What’s Next?

Streaming is here to stay—but its dominance raises essential questions. Can artists be paid fairly? Can live music make a comeback? Will audiences demand more meaningful content? The choices young people make—what they listen to, share, and support—will shape the future of music.

Discussion Questions

How would you improve the current music industry?

Do you stream music daily? Why or why not?

Have you ever bought a physical album or vinyl? What was the experience like?

Should streaming services pay artists more money? Why or why not?

Do you think streaming has made music better or worse?

Is it fair that music is often free to listeners while artists struggle financially?

Have you been to a live concert? What’s the value of live music?

Are band t-shirts and merch too expensive for young fans?

Does music today feel more “disposable” than in the past?

Are artists today judged too much by how they look?

📘 Vocabulary List (English – Finnish)

The Role of Technology in the Future of Mankind

Technology has always shaped human life, from the invention of the wheel to the internet age. In the 21st century, technological advances are accelerating faster than ever, and the role of tech in our future is a topic of growing debate. While technology promises to make life easier, healthier, and more connected, it also brings challenges that cannot be ignored.

The Bright Side: Efficiency and Opportunity

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and automation are already transforming our daily routines. Smart devices can clean our homes, recommend meals, or remind us of meetings. AI is helping doctors diagnose diseases faster and more accurately. Electric vehicles and renewable energy sources are making transportation and power more sustainable. Technology is also breaking down barriers in education, making it possible for students around the world to access high-quality learning materials.

Many people believe that this “technological liberation” allows humans to focus on more creative, meaningful, or fulfilling tasks. If machines can take care of boring or repetitive work, we are freed to pursue passions, hobbies, and human connection.

The Dark Side: Passivity, Addiction, and Disconnection

Despite these benefits, there are serious concerns. As devices do more for us, some argue that we do less for ourselves. Electric bikes and scooters reduce physical effort. Navigation apps mean we no longer learn to read maps or explore on our own. AI-generated answers in schoolwork can stop students from truly learning and thinking for themselves.

Moreover, mobile devices and apps like TikTok or Instagram may be reducing our attention spans. Swiping through endless content can make people impatient and overstimulated, always craving something new but never satisfied. This constant prompt-response cycle can affect mental health, making young people feel restless or even anxious when not engaged by a screen.

Humanities and arts may also suffer in a world dominated by quick content and algorithm-driven feeds. Deep thinking, philosophy, and critical discussion are harder to promote in a society that favors speed and entertainment over reflection. As technology races ahead, the human brain doesn’t necessarily keep up. Our evolutionary makeup was not built for this level of stimulation.

Health and Lifestyle Impacts

Physical health is also at risk. Sedentary lifestyles driven by screen time and labor-saving devices are linked to obesity, cardiovascular problems, and poor posture. Many young people report feeling tired, distracted, or socially disconnected after long hours online. Even when surrounded by others, they may be more engaged with virtual spaces than real ones.

Responsibility and Balance

The solution isn’t to reject technology, but to use it wisely. Parents, schools, and governments must teach digital literacy and responsible tech use. People need to learn how to manage their time, understand algorithms, and critically evaluate what they see online. Technology should support human development—not replace it.

In the future, we may see more wearable technology, virtual reality classrooms, AI tutors, and smart homes. But no matter how advanced our tools become, the core question remains: Will we control technology, or will it control us?

What are the most helpful technologies in your daily life?

Do you think new technology is making people smarter or lazier? Why?

How does AI change the way students learn?

Are electric scooters and bikes a good or bad thing for health and the environment?

What do you think about TikTok and short videos replacing books and reading?

Can technology support creativity, or does it kill imagination?

How much screen time is too much? Should there be limits?

How can we balance technology and physical activity?

Do you ever feel restless or distracted after using your phone for a long time?

Should schools teach more digital literacy and less traditional subjects?

What kinds of jobs will disappear because of AI? What new jobs might appear?

Can humanities and technology work together, or are they opposites?

What are the risks of letting AI or robots make decisions for us?

Should young children have access to smartphones and tablets?

Do you think your generation can control technology better than the older one?

Vocabulary List (English – Finnish)

The State of Self-Driving Cars: Where We Are, What Lies Ahead

For decades, the idea of a car driving itself belonged in science fiction. Today, it is becoming reality—although not quite in the way people imagined. Self-driving cars, also known as autonomous vehicles (AVs), use sensors, cameras, radar, and artificial intelligence to navigate roads, avoid obstacles, and reach destinations with minimal human input. But how far has the technology really come, and can you trust it enough to take a nap behind the wheel?

The Pros: Why Self-Driving Cars Are Appealing
One of the strongest arguments for autonomous vehicles is safety. Human drivers cause the vast majority of road accidents, often due to distraction, fatigue, speeding, or impaired driving. A machine never gets tired, texts a friend, or drives drunk. In theory, a perfectly functioning AV could drastically reduce accidents.

Self-driving cars could also improve mobility for people who cannot drive, such as the elderly, people with disabilities, or those without a license. They could make traffic flow more smoothly by communicating with other vehicles and adjusting speeds automatically, reducing congestion and emissions. In the long term, they might reshape cities, making private car ownership less necessary and freeing up parking space for other uses.

The Cons: The Roadblocks Ahead
However, the technology is far from perfect. Sensors can be confused by heavy rain, snow, or fog. Algorithms sometimes misinterpret unusual situations—a pedestrian dressed as a tree, for example, or an unexpected road closure. Roads are unpredictable, and humans are remarkably good at interpreting subtle cues, like reading another driver’s intentions from body language or eye contact.

Another problem is cost: the hardware and software are expensive to develop and maintain. There are also ethical and legal issues. If an AV causes an accident, who is responsible—the owner, the manufacturer, or the software developer? And then there’s the uncomfortable question of decision-making in emergencies.

Sleeping at the Wheel? Not Quite Yet
Some modern cars already offer “Level 2” or “Level 3” automation—systems that can handle steering, acceleration, and braking in certain conditions. Tesla’s “Autopilot” and Mercedes’ “Drive Pilot” are examples. But the driver must remain alert and ready to take over at a moment’s notice. At “Level 4” or “Level 5” automation, the car could operate entirely without human attention. This is the stage where you could safely sleep during the trip—but we are not there yet for public roads. At best, some test vehicles can operate without a driver in limited, geofenced areas under good weather conditions.

Inside the Brain of an AV: Algorithms at Work
A self-driving car constantly gathers data from its sensors and compares it with detailed maps and live traffic information. Machine learning models help the vehicle recognize objects—pedestrians, cyclists, traffic signs—and predict how they will move. Planning algorithms then decide the best path to take, and control systems adjust steering, throttle, and braking accordingly.

In emergencies, decision-making can become complex. For example, if a collision seems unavoidable, the car must choose the option that causes the least harm. This is known as the “trolley problem” in ethics: should it swerve and risk harming one person, or continue forward and harm several? Companies try to avoid such scenarios entirely by designing systems that anticipate and prevent dangerous situations early. Still, in a real-world split second, the choice comes down to how the software has been programmed—and these decisions are influenced by the laws, regulations, and cultural values of the country where the car operates.

The Future: A Slow but Steady Journey
Self-driving cars will not take over overnight. Most experts predict a gradual integration, starting with more advanced driver assistance features, then restricted autonomous taxis in certain cities, and eventually widespread adoption once the technology has proven itself.

Some people fear that AVs will eliminate driving jobs, while others see them as an opportunity to reduce accidents and transform transportation into a safer, more efficient service. Whether we welcome or resist them, self-driving cars are not going away—they are improving with every mile driven, every dataset analyzed, and every challenge solved.

For now, it’s best to keep your eyes on the road, your hands ready, and your seat upright. The dream of napping on your commute might still be a few years down the road—but it’s coming. And when it does, it may change not just how we drive, but how we live.

Discussion Questions

(Mix of factual, opinion-based, and speculative questions to spark debate)

Do you think teenagers will still need to learn to drive in 30 years?

Would you personally feel safe riding in a fully self-driving car today? Why or why not?

Do you think AVs will eventually make roads safer than human drivers?

Should AVs be allowed to operate without a steering wheel and pedals?

If an accident is unavoidable, how should an AV decide what to do?

Who should be legally responsible if an AV causes a crash—the owner, manufacturer, or programmer?

How might self-driving cars change the design of cities in the future?

Do you think people will give up private car ownership if self-driving taxis become common?

Could AVs reduce traffic jams, or might they actually increase traffic?

How should AVs be tested before they are allowed on public roads?

What would be the biggest benefit of self-driving cars for you personally?

Do you think professional drivers (truck, taxi, bus) will lose their jobs to automation?

Should AVs be allowed in bad weather, or should human drivers always take over in those conditions?

Would you trust a foreign AV company’s technology on Finnish roads?

How could AVs affect Finland’s public transport system?

Here’s a set of four realistic, discussion-friendly traffic situations involving different road users, each with a challenge for autonomous vehicles (AVs) and a suggested solution.

• Read each scenario

• Identify the challenge

• Suggest your own solutions

• Compare with the model solutions below

1. The Unpredictable Pedestrian

Scenario:
A pedestrian suddenly starts crossing the street outside a designated crosswalk, possibly looking at their phone. There are parked cars along the curb, making the person appear only at the last second.

2. The Cyclist’s Sudden Turn

Scenario:
A cyclist is riding alongside the AV in a bike lane. Without signalling, the cyclist swerves to avoid a pothole, cutting into the car’s lane.

3. The Confused Elderly Driver at an Intersection

Scenario:
At a four-way stop, an elderly driver in another car hesitates and then proceeds at the wrong time, pulling out in front of the AV.

4. The Child’s Ball in the Road

Scenario:
While driving in a residential area, the AV detects a ball rolling into the street from between two parked cars. A small child could be running after it.

English–Finnish Vocabulary for Traffic & AV Discussions

General Traffic & Driving

• lane – kaista
• intersection – risteys
• roundabout – kiertoliittymä
• pedestrian crossing / crosswalk – suojatie
• traffic lights – liikennevalot
• speed limit – nopeusrajoitus
• overtaking / passing – ohittaminen
• traffic jam – liikenneruuhka
• road sign – liikennemerkki
• roadworks – tietyö
• toll road – tietulli
• parking space – parkkipaikka
• blind spot – katvealue
• seat belt – turvavyö
• driver’s license – ajokortti
• dashboard – kojelauta
• braking distance – jarrutusmatka
• right of way – etuajo-oikeus
• car insurance – autovakuutus

Autonomous Vehicles

• remote operator – etäoperaattori

• autonomous vehicle (AV) – autonominen ajoneuvo

• self-driving car – itseohjautuva auto

• driver assistance system – kuljettajaa avustava järjestelmä

• autopilot – automaattiohjaus

• geofenced area – rajattu alue (geofencing-tekniikka)

• sensor – sensori / anturi

• camera system – kamerajärjestelmä

• radar – tutka

• lidar – laserkeilauslaite (lidar)

• machine learning – koneoppiminen

• algorithm – algoritmi

• obstacle detection – esteiden tunnistus

• emergency braking – hätäjarrutus

• real-time data – reaaliaikainen data

• software update – ohjelmistopäivitys

• decision-making process – päätöksentekoprosessi

• ethical dilemma – eettinen pulma

• the trolley problem – vaunudilemma (trolley-ongelma)

• traffic simulation – liikennesimulaatio

The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth?

From early childhood, we are taught that lying is wrong. Parents, teachers, and religious traditions repeat the same principle: honesty is the best policy. But human communication is far more complicated than a simple rulebook. Do people really tell “the whole truth and nothing but the truth” at all times? And should they?

Is Lying Always Wrong?

The moral argument is clear: lies can destroy trust, break relationships, and harm entire societies. If nobody could trust what others said, contracts would be worthless, friendships would collapse, and courts could not function. Yet, in practice, people lie almost every day. Studies suggest that most people tell at least one or two lies daily, often small ones. These are not always evil, calculated deceits; sometimes they are little adjustments meant to avoid conflict or hurt feelings.

Different Types of Lies

Not all lies are equal. Consider the variety:

• A fib – A small, almost harmless lie, such as saying you liked someone’s cooking when you really didn’t.
• A white lie – A lie told to protect someone’s feelings, like saying “You look great” even if the person looks tired.
• A whopper – A huge, unbelievable lie, like claiming you’ve met the Queen when you haven’t.
• An untruth – A more neutral word for a false statement.
• A partial truth – Telling only part of the story, leaving out key details to give a false impression.
• Alternative facts – A modern euphemism for lies, often used in politics.
• Twisted truth – When facts are stretched or manipulated.
• A lie repeated – History shows that if a lie is repeated often enough, some people begin to accept it as truth.
• Being conservative with the truth – A polite way of saying someone is not telling everything.

Clearly, lying is not one single act but a spectrum ranging from gentle social lubrication to deliberate manipulation.

Honesty vs. Brutal Honesty

What about always speaking your mind? Some people admire “brutal honesty,” but others see it as unkind. Telling a friend “that shirt makes you look terrible” may be true, but is it necessary? Honesty without tact can wound just as much as a lie. Most cultures encourage discretion—choosing when to speak openly and when to remain silent. There is a difference between being authentic and being unnecessarily cruel.

When Can Lying Be Good?

There are situations where lying may be the kinder or even the morally correct choice. Think of someone hiding refugees during a war. If soldiers knock on the door and ask, “Are you hiding anyone?” most people would agree that lying is the right response. Similarly, doctors sometimes soften the truth to protect a patient’s emotional state. These examples suggest that lying cannot be judged in isolation; the context matters.

Spotting a Liar: Science and Myths

People like to think they can “spot a liar” by body language: shifty eyes, fidgeting hands, nervous smiles. But research shows that humans are surprisingly bad at detecting lies, often performing no better than chance. Professional interrogators, judges, and even police officers often fail to identify liars consistently.

Science has developed tools like polygraphs (lie detector tests), which measure stress-related signals such as heart rate, sweating, and breathing patterns. But these tests do not directly detect lies—they detect anxiety, which an innocent person might also feel. Skilled or convincing liars may remain calm and pass the test, while honest people may fail.

Convincing Liars

History is full of highly persuasive liars: con artists, dictators, even ordinary people who maintain double lives. A convincing liar mixes truth with falsehood, creating a story that feels believable. They often use detail, emotion, and confidence to cover deception. This makes truth and lies extremely difficult to separate.

The Moral Dimension

Some philosophers argue that lying is always wrong, no matter the circumstances. Immanuel Kant, for example, believed that truthfulness is a moral duty and that once lying is permitted, society’s moral foundation begins to crumble. Others argue for a more flexible approach: lies are judged by their consequences. If a lie prevents harm or creates kindness, perhaps it is justified.

Living Honestly in a World of Lies

For individuals, being known as an honest person is a powerful advantage. Trust is one of the most valuable social currencies, and once lost, it is hard to regain. Yet, total honesty may also isolate someone, especially if they refuse to tell even the smallest white lie. In reality, most people navigate a middle ground: they value honesty but make occasional exceptions.

Conclusion

So, should you tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth at all times? The honest answer is: probably not. Lying is part of human life, and while big lies can be destructive, small ones may help relationships function smoothly. The challenge is knowing where to draw the line. Perhaps the best guideline is to ask: Does this lie protect someone, or does it harm them? Does it create trust, or does it destroy it?

In the end, truth and lies are not simple opposites but tools we use in communication. Used wisely, truth builds bridges. Used carelessly, lies can burn them down. And somewhere in between lies the complicated, very human art of deciding what to say—and what to leave unsaid.

1. Who is easier to fool: a stranger, a friend, or a family member? Why?

2. Do you think it is possible to live without ever lying?

3. Which is worse: telling a harmful lie or telling a hurtful truth?

4. Have you ever told a white lie to protect someone’s feelings? Was it justified?

5. Do you agree that “honesty is the best policy”? Why or why not?

6. Can repeated lies eventually become accepted as truth in society? Examples?

7. Should politicians and leaders be held to a higher standard of truth-telling?

8. What’s the difference between discretion and dishonesty?

9. How do cultural norms influence attitudes toward lying?

10. Would you want to know the truth about everything, even if it hurt?

11. Can “brutal honesty” damage relationships more than a gentle lie?

12. Are small lies (fibs, white lies) harmless, or do they erode trust over time?

13. How reliable do you think lie detectors are? Would you trust them in court?

14. Is it worse to lie to yourself or to someone else?

15. Do you think children should always be told the truth, even about difficult topics?

English–Finnish Vocabulary for Talking about Lies and Truth

Types of Lies

• fib – pikkuvalhe
• white lie – valkoinen valhe
• whopper – jättimäinen valhe
• untruth – epätotuus
• partial truth – osatotuus
• twisted truth – vääristelty totuus
• alternative facts – vaihtoehtoiset faktat (kiertoilmaus valheelle)
• conservative with the truth – totuuden kanssa säästeliäs

Honesty & Truth-Telling

• honesty – rehellisyys
• brutal honesty – brutaali rehellisyys
• discretion – hienotunteisuus
• tact – tahdikkuus
• transparency – avoimuus
• authenticity – aitous
• truthfulness – totuudellisuus

Detecting Lies

• liar – valehtelija
• convincing liar – vakuuttava valehtelija
• deception – petos / harhautus
• body language – kehonkieli
• micro-expression – mikroilme
• lie detector (polygraph) – valheenpaljastin (polygrafi)
• interrogation – kuulustelu
• false impression – väärä vaikutelma
• manipulation – manipulointi

Moral & Philosophical Concepts

• reputation – maine

• moral duty – moraalinen velvollisuus

• trust – luottamus

• broken trust – rikottu luottamus

• ethical dilemma – eettinen pulma

• justification – oikeutus

• consequence – seuraus

• credibility – uskottavuus