Kielen rekisterit
Käsitteellä rekisteri tarkoitetaan kielimuotoa, jonka käyttö kytkeytyy tiettyihin tilanteisiin tai käyttäjäryhmiin. Siinä missä murre viittaa alueelliseen vaihteluun, rekisteri viittaa sosiaaliseen, käyttäjä- ja tilannekohtaiseen kielen vaihteluun. Rekisterit voivat poiketa toisistaan sanastollisesti, kieliopillisesti ja syntaktisesti. Rekisterejä ovat esimerkiksi puhuttu ja kirjoitettu kieli, yleiskieli, somekieli, virkakieli ja eri tiedonalojen kielet, kuten biologian kieli. (OPH)
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Rekisteri on kielimuoto, jonka käyttö kytkeytyy tiettyihin tilanteisiin. Rekisterit voivat poiketa toisistaan muun muassa sanaston, kieliopin ja syntaksin suhteen.
Rekisteriltään vaihtelevia kirjoitettuja ja puhuttuja tekstilajeja ovat muun muassa sanomalehtitekstit, uskonnolliset tekstit, viralliset dokumentit, kirjallisuuden lajit, kasvokkain keskustelut, puhelinkeskustelut, väittelyt, radiolähetykset ja puheet.
Puhetilanteen muodollisuus tuo kielenkäyttöön täydempiä ääntämyksiä ja muotoja, ja samalla reduktiot, assimilaatiot ja arkikielisyydet karsiutuvat. Puhuja suunnittelee sanottavansa huolellisemmin, jolloin puhetilanteen syntaktiset rakenteet ovat lähellä yleiskielisiä normeja. (Wikipedia)
- BBC: Video on formal & informal English
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Opiskelija: “Aha, rekisteri. Mitä epämuodollisia ja muodollisia sanoja sitä nyt olikaan? ” Mene tänne.
- Täällä PowerPointillinen epämuodollista ja muodollista kieltä. Täällä PDF.
- Lisää muodollisen ja epämuodollisen kielen vaihtelua
- Tosi hyvä koonti asiasta täällä ja paljon esimerkkejä , Täällä PDF
Rekisteriä tämäkin: How to be polite in English Pälätä nämä läpi parisi kanssa ja vaihda sitten rooleja. Suomalaisen töksäyttelevää rehellistä puhetapaa pitää usein pehmentää maailmalla eli pitää kuulostaa kohteliaammalta.
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Ensimmäisellä kerralla, kun rekisteritehtävä oli ylppäreissä, paranneltavia paikkoja ei osoitettu. Aikamoista hoksnokkaa siis edellytettiin, että löytäisi seitsemän parannettavaa asiaa. Yritä ensin löytää ne itse (kuten kokelaan alun perin piti). Alla on myös versio, jossa parannettavat paikat on osoitettu.
Register Clash (14p)
Your friend asks your help in making their application letter more formal. Find the words and expressions that clash with the overall style and replace them with their more formal synonyms. There are seven register clashes in the letter. (14 p.)
Dear Mr Joyce
I am writing to enquire about the Marketing Assistant job advertised in the Helsingin Sanomat of 10 March.
I have had a lot of opportunities to get new skills in marketing in my present position as a Marketing Assistant with OfficeStars Ltd. I am also kind of familiar with sales and exports. Anyway, I am always searching for new challenges.
Thank you for considering my application. I am available for an interview when it’s okay with you.
Best,
Matt Dawkins
Tässä pohjatekstistä versio, jossa työstettävät kohdat on osoitettu.
Tässä YTL:n antama vastausehdotus.
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Toinen rekisteriesiintymä ylppäreissä oli tällainen “virallistamistehtävä”. Läksynsä oppineena Lautakunta osoitti nyt viilattavat kohdat.
This Does Not Look Right 9 p.
You are applying to a university in the UK, and below is the beginning of your motivation letter. It has register clashes, which have been underlined. Replace the expressions in bold type with a more formal and/or polite one.
Ever since I was ten years old, I’ve known my future career will involve working with people. At secondary school, I grew extremely interested in psychology. Things related to the human mind, like emotions and behaviour patterns are highly intriguing. Since I want to specialise in child psychology and especially learning problems, Johnston University would provide me with the best possible education. My aim is to get as thorough an understanding as possible to be able to help children overcome obstacles hindering them from learning.
Johnston University and its famous psychology department play a big role in research and in education. And, the open curriculum has various benefits. Being able to study a lot of languages will help me to interact and create stronger networks. I am also a bit interested in having social sciences as my minor subject.
Tässä YTL:n antama vastausehdotus.
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REGISTER MISMATCH
A formal letter of complaint.
The writer did not quite succeed in writing a formal letter of complaint. Replace the words in bold with another more suitable word or expression.
Hi there!
I am writing to let you know about the bummer we had with our festival tickets. Me and my mates were miffed about the Mockfest in Tampere. The happening took place sometime around the second weekend in August.
So we’ve attended like lots of Mockfests and eeeevery time there are these flaming cancellations. Travis Scott, Lil Pump, whasthisname Gucci Mane- you name it! The tickets cost me an arm and a leg. To tell you the truth – I had worked my butt off for this weekend. It’s not easy to study and work, you know!
Anyways, I want me money back.
Tada.
Victoria Velvet (Lähde: T&T 2020)
Tässä vastausehdotus.
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Register mismatch-tehtävä (T&T 2022)
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Voit mukavasti treenata rekisterivalintoja parisi kanssa vaikkapa suullisella tehtävällä: Miettikää, minkälaista kieltä (ja kielen tuttavallisuusastetta jne. ) käyttäisitte seuraavissa tilanteissa. Onhan toki eri asia jutskata kaverin kanssa, kuin vaikkapa pokkuroida työhaastattelussa. Siis:
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Grammar: Formal English and informal English – BBC English Masterclass
Katso video ja opi. Tässä videon tärkeät pointsit.
Kanadalaiset osaavat muutakin, kuin vain pelata jääkiekkoa. Täällä he kertovat näistä kielen virallisuusasteista. Täällä on myös ihan hyvää settiä asiasta (ope hiukan seipään niellyt, mutta osaa asiansa). Mitä epämuodollisia ja muodollisia sanoja sitä olikaan? Mene tänne.
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Harjoittele Quizletin Match-pelillä arkisempia ja vähän muodollisempia sanoja ja merkityksiä. Relataanko vai patsastellaanko (Quizlet)?
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Rekisteriä kai tämäkin: Fiinimpiä vaihtoehtoja kuluneille ja liiankin paljon käytetyille perusleegoille.
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Epämuodollista ja muodollista sanastoa
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Yksinkertaistettu englanti
AECMA Yksinkertaistetussa englannissa ei hyväksytyt sanat ”Use” antaa muita hyväksyttyjä sanoja tai rakenteita, joita voidaan käyttää hyväksymättömän avainsanan sijasta. Huomaa, että nämä sanat tai rakenteet ovat vain ehdotuksia, jotka auttavat sinua. Voit ehkä miettiä muita vaihtoehtoja itse. ÄLÄ Käytä vaihtoehtoista sanaa, jos tämä saa sinut kirjoittamaan hölynpölyä tai epäidiomaattista englantia. Sanat eivät ole kielessä vaihtoehtoisia toistensa kanssa yksi yhteen. Tällaisessa tapauksessa sinun on kirjoitettava koko lause uudelleen.
Tässä sanat Quizlet-kortteina. Tässä PDF-versio.
abandon (v) Use: Stop
able (v) Use: can, approved
abnormal (adj) Use: unusual, incorrect, unsatisfactory
abrupt (adj) Use: sudden
absolutely (adv) Use: fully
acceptable (n, adj) Use: permitted, satisfactory, serviceable
acceptance (n) Use: accept
accessible (adj) Use: get access to
accommodate (v) Use: let
accomplish (v) Use: do or commanding verb construction
according to (prep) Use: refer to
account for (v) Use: is, are
accumulate (v) Use: collect
accumulated (adj) Use: collected
accumulation – (n) Use: quantity, collection
accuracy (n) Use: precision
achieve (v) Use: get
acknowledge (v) Use: tell
act (v) Use: is, are occur
action (n) Use: effect, step procedure
activate (v) Use: start, operate
activity (n) Use: procedure, step, work
actual (adj) Use: correct
addition (n) Use, increase, add
additional (adj) Use: more
adequate (adj) Use: sufficient, correct
adhere (v) Use: bond, follow, keep
adopt (v) Use: Use, follow
advance (n) Use: movement forward, adjust, adjustment
advance (v) Use: move/turn forward
adverse (adj) Use: bad
advisable (adj) Use: is best, is recommended
advise (v) Use: tell, must
aeroplane (n) Use: aircraft
affect (n) Use: can cause
affected (adj) Use: dirty, damaged, changed
afford (v) Use: get, give
aggravate (v) Use: make worse/stronger
agitate (v) Use: shake
aid (v) Use: help
aim (n) Use: to, for, give
aim (v) Use: point, try
alarm (n) Use: warning
alert (v) Use: tell
allocate (v) Use: give
allow (v) Use: let, permit
allowable (adj) Use: permitted, approved
alter (v) Use: change
alteration (n) Use: change
alternate (n) Use: different, applicable, each other
XXX
alternate (v) Use: go first to XXX, then to YYY: do
among (prep) Use: in, with, between
amount (n) Use: quantity
analyze (v) Use: make an analysis
another (adj) Use: one more, different, add
any (pn, adj) Use: one, if
anytime (adv) Use: when
appear (v) Use: show, come into view, be possible,
assume (v) Use: think
application (n) Use: apply
approach (v) Use: go near
appropriate (adj) Use: applicable
approve (v) Use: get approval
arrange (v) Use: put in sequence, tell
arrive (v) Use: get
ask (v) Use: tell, speak
assess (v) Use: calculate, make an estimate
assessment (n) Use: estimate, calculate, find
assign (v) Use: give
assist (v) Use: help
assistance (n) Use: aid
associated (adj) Use: their, related, correct
assume (v). Use: think
assure (v) Use: make sure
asymmetric (adj) Use: not symmetrical
at least (adv) Use: not less than, minimum
atmosphere (n) Use: air
attain (v) Use: show, be
attempt (n,v) Use: try
attendance (n) Use: be
attention (n) Use: aid, careful, think
audible (adj) Use: hear
authorized (adj) Use: approved
avoid (v) Use: prevent
aware (adj) Use: know, tell
back (adj) Use: rear, aft
back (n) Use: rear, behind
back of (prep) Use: behind, to the rear of, aft of
backup (n) Use: alternative, emergency
backward (adv) Use: rearward(s)
beginning (n) Use: start, source
begin (v) Use: start
beneath (prep) Use: below, lower than
beside (prep) Use: adjacent to
beware (v) Use: be careful
beyond (pre) Use: more
big, bigger, biggest (adj) Use: large, larger/est
block (v) Use: blocked, cause a blockage
both (adj) Use: the two
boundary (n) Use: limit, edge
branch (v) Use: go in a different direction
breadth (n) Use: width
break (n) Use: stop
breakdown (n) Use: stop, failure
bring (v) Use: cause, move, put
briskly (adv) Use: quickly
broadcast (v) Use: transmit
brush (v) Use: a brush, apply
building (n) Use: structure
build (v) Use: assemble, make
bump (v) Use: hit
burst (adj) Use: that breaks open
burst (v) Use: break, come open, apart
bypass (v) Use: go around
calculation (n) Use: calculate
call (v) Use: tell
cannot (v) Use: can not
cap (v) Use: seal with a cap
capability (n) Use: can, operation, function
capable (adj) Use: can, approved
care (n) Use: careful, carefully, precaution
carry (v) Use: move
carry out (v) Use: do or commanding verb construction
case (n) (in case of) Use: if, occur, then
categorize (v) Use: put into groups
category (n) Use: group
caution (v) Use: tell not to
cautiously (adv) Use: carefully
cavity (n) Use: hole, empty space
cease (v) Use: stop
cement (v) Use: bond
center (v) Use: adjust, put, in the center
certain (adj) Use: sure, some, given
certification (n) Use: approval
certify (v) Use: write, get approval, approved
chance (n) Use: risk, accidentally
characteristic (n) Use: property, quality
check (v) Use: make sure, do a xxx check, measure, examine
choice (n) Use: available, alternative, selection
choose (v) Use: use
chosen (adj) Use: applicable, correct, set
circle (v) Use: move around, go around
circulate (v) Use: let flow
class (n) Use: group
classification (n) Use: group
classify (v) Use: put into groups
cleanliness (n) Use: clean
clear (v) Use: remove, be clear
clenched (adj) Use: held tightly, attached, closed
clip (v) Use: cut, attach with clips
clockwise (adj) Use: adverb
close (adj) Use: near
close to (adv) Use: near
closely (adv) Use: carefully
code (v) Use: identify
coincide (v) Use: align
coincident (adj) Use: aligned, together, at the same time
collective (adj) Use: all, together
combine (v) Use: mix
commence (v) Use: start
common (adj) Use: the same, usual
communicate (v) Use: tell
communication (n) Use: speak, tell, hear
comparison (n) Use: compare
Compensate (v) Use: make allowance
compile (v) Use: make, write, put together
complete (adj) Use: full, completed, all completely (adv): fully
completion (n) Use: end, complete
complicated (adj) Use: not easy
comply (v) Use: obey
composite (adj) Use: different
comprise (v) Use: is, are
compute (v) Use: calculate
concern (n) Use: think, problem
conclusion (n) Use: end, result, decision
concurrently (adv) Use: at the same time
conducive (adj) Use: that can cause
conduct (v) Use: do
confer (v) Use: tell
confirm (v) Use: make sure
confirmation (n) Use: approval, know, tell
conflict (n) Use: not agree
conform (v) Use: agree
conformity (n) Use: agree
confuse (v) Use: make sure, agree
confusion (n) Use: agree, not agree
consecutive (adj) Use: one xxx after the other xxx
consequence (n) Use: result, because of, effect
consequent (adj) Use: subsequent, caused
consequently (adv) Use: as a result, thus
consider (v) Use: is/are
considerable (adj) Use: large, very much, important
consist (v) Use: have
consistent (adj) Use: agree
construct (v) Use: assemble, make
contact (n) Use: touch, hear, speak
contact (v) Use: touch, tell
contribution (n) Use: aid, add, give
conventional (adj) Use: usual
conversant (adj) Use: know
convert (v) Use: change, find
coordinate (v) Use: make, do
copious (adj) Use: large quantity
copy (v) Use, write, make a copy
correlate (v) Use: agree
correspond (v) Use: agree with
corresponding (adj) Use: of, agree with
cover (v) Use: put covers on, give, have
covered (adj) Use: closed, included, cover
create (v) Use: make, cause
criterion (n) Use: decision, condition, think
critical (adj) Use: very important, careful, necessary
cross (v) Use: go across
crosswise (ad;) Use: across, horizontally, vertically
curve (v) Use: make a curve
curved (adj) Use: rounded
damage (v) Use: cause damage to, damaged
damp (adj) Use: moist
danger (n) Use: dangerous
decide (v) Use: make a decision
decrease (n) Use: decrease (v)
deem (v) Use: is
define (v) Use: is/are, calculate
defined (adj) Use: specified, given, found
definitely (adv) Use: sure, make sure
delicate (adj) Use: easily damaged
deliver (v) Use: supply
demand (n) Use: input, operation, as necessary
denomination (n) Use: group, name
denote (v) Use: show
depend (v) Use: if, must agree with
deplete (v) Use: decrease
depletion (n) Use: decreased
describe (v) Use: make, give
described (adj) Use: given, specified, identified
design (n,v) Use: make
designate (v) Use: identify, set apart, give
designated (adj) Use: identified, make known, given, specified
desire (v) Use: be necessary
despatch (v) Use: send
destroy (v) Use: discard, make unserviceable
destruction (n) Use: discard
detach (v) Use: disconnect, remove, disengage
detachable (adj) Use: possible to remove
detail (v) Use: give, refer to
detailed (adj) Use: given, careful, full
detect (v) Use: find
determination (n) Use: find, decision
determine (v) Use: find, give
detrimental (adj) Use: dangerous, cause damage
develop (v) Use: start, make, cause
deviate (v) Use: must follow
devise (v) Use: make, find
diagnose (v) Use: find
diametrically (adv) Use: opposite
differ (v) Use: is/are different
differentiate (v) Use: show, identify
difficult (adj) Use: not easy
difficulty (n) Use: problem, not easy
digit (n) Use: number
diminish (v) Use: decrease
dip (v) Use: put into momentarily
direct (v) Use: turn, point
disappear (v) Use: go out of view, move
disclose (v) Use: find, is, tell, show
discontinue (v) Use: stop
discovered (adj) Use: found
discrepancy (n) Use: difference
discretion (n) Use: be careful, decision, think
dislodge (v) Use: remove, clean, loosen
dispatch (v) Use: send
display (v) Use: show
disposal (n) Use: discard, available, have
dispose (v) Use: discard, put
disregard (v) Use: ignore
distinct (adj) Use: easy to identify, clear, clearly
distort (v) Use: twist, cause damage, put out of shape, bend
distribute (v) Use: apply, give
distribution (n) Use: apply, divide, give, supply
disturb (v) Use: move, change
division (n) Use: divide
double (adj) Use: two
doubt (n) Use: not sure, think
downward (adv) Use: down
drag (v) Use: pull, touch
drape (v) Use: put
draw (v) Use: make a line
due to (prep) Use: because of
dull (adj) Use: dim, matt, not shiny, not bright
dump (v) Use: discard, put
duplicate (n) Use: copy
duration (n) Use: do, end, time, life
duty (n) Use: task, function
early/er/est (adj) Use; before the usual time
earth (n,v) Use: ground
ease (v) Use: move/ remove carefully
effective (adj) Use: has an effect
efficient (adj) Use: correct, satisfactory
efficiently (adv) Use: correctly, satisfactorily
effort (n) Use: try, force, input
either (adj, pn) Use: the two, one of the two
elapse (v) Use: time, after
eliminate (v) Use: remove, stop, prevent, repair
embedded (adj) Use: attached, in, included
emitted (adj) Use: given out
employ (v) Use: use
empty (v) Use: remove
enable (v) Use: let
encircle (v) Use: apply, put
enclose (v) Use: around, in, contain
enclosed (adj) Use: closed
enclosure (n) Use: contain, include, area
encounter (v) Use: there is/are, find
end (v) Use: stop, complete
enforce (v) Use: must
enlarge (v) Use: make larger, increase
enlarged (adj) Use: made larger, extended, increased
enough (adj) Use: sufficient
ensure (v) Use: make sure
entail (v) Use: must
enter (v) Use: go into, write
entire (adj) Use: full or all
envisage (v) Use: think
equal (v) Use: be the same as, be equal, have same value as
equidistant (adj) Use: at the same distance
equip (v) Use: have, supply
equipped (adj) Use: with, have, assembled, completed
erect (v) Use: put up, move
erratic (adj) Use: irregular
escape (v) Use: come out, release/decrease pressure
essential (adj) Use: important, necessary
establish (v) Use: tell, make
estimate (v) Use: make an estimate
evacuate (v) Use: remove
evacuation (n) Use: remove
evaluate (v) Use: make an analysis
evaluation (n) Use: estimate, calculate, find
evaporate (v) Use: become gas, become dry
even (adj) Use: smooth, symmetrical, equal, flat
event (n) Use: if, result
every (adj) Use: all or each
evidence (n) Use: sign, find, see, shown
evident (adj) Use: shown, find
exact (adj) Use: correct, accurate, satisfactory
exactness (n) Use: precision, correct, accurate, satisfactory
examination (n) Use: examine, find
exceed (v) Use: more
exceeding (adj) Use: more than
except (prep) Use: not, without, does not include
exception (n) Use: include
exceptional (adj) Use: unusual, more than average
exceptionally (adv) Use: but, unusually
excess (n, adj) Use: too much, more, unwanted
excessive (adj) Use: too much, more than the limit
exchange (v) Use: change
exclude (v) Use: remove
excluding (prep) Use: not, without, does not include
execute (v) Use: do
exempt (adj) Use: does not include, does not show, has no
exercise (v) Use: use, be careful, make sure
exert (v) Use: apply
exhale (v) Use: breathe out
exist (v) Use: is/are
exit (v) Use: go out of
expand (v) Use: expanded (adj), become larger/longer, extend
expect (v) Use: think
expedite (v) Use: help, send, do xxx fast
expend (v) Use: use
expended (adj) Use: empty, used
experience (v) Use: get, have, is
explain (v) Use: tell, show
expose (v) Use: get, be open to
exposure (n) Use: touch
extent (n) Use: quantity, lengths or level
exterior (n) Use: external
extra (adj) Use: more
extract (v) Use: remove
extrapolate (v) Use: make an estimate
extreme (adj) Use: very high, more, very bad, at the limit of
extremely (adv) Use: very
exude (v) Use: come out
fabricate (v) Use: make, assemble
face (v) Use: point, turn, is/are
facilitate (v) Use: help, make easier
facility (n) Use: can (or give the name of the facility)
false (adj) Use: incorrect
familiar (adj) Use: know
fasten (v) Use: hold, lock, attach
fatal (adj) Use: kill
fault (n) Use: failure, defect
feature (n) Use: shape, property, quality, different
feature (v) Use: have
feed (v) Use: supply, put
few (adj) Use: not many or give range, number, quantity
figure (v) Use: calculate
filter (v) Use: put through a filter
final (adj) -ly (adv) Use: last
finding (n) Use: result, fact
fine (adj) Use: satisfactory, high quality, sharp
finish (v) Use: complete
firm (adj) Use: strong, hard, heavy
firmly (adv) Use: correctly, tightly, satisfactorily
fix (v) Use: attach, set, stable, repair, install
flagged (adj) Use: has a flag
flattened (adj) Use: flat
flaw (n) Use: defect, failure
flush (adj) Use: in tine with, does not come out, makes a Continuous surface, smooth
focus (v) Use: put into focus
fold (n) Use: fold (v)
following (adj) Use: follow, subsequent, this these
fore (adj) Use: front
forecast (v,adj) Use: think, make an estimate
forget (v) Use: make sure
form (n) Use: shape form (v) Use: make
fragile (adj) Use: easily damaged
free (v) Use: release
free from (adj) Use: clean, has no xxx
fresh (adj) Use: clear, new, replacement
fulfil (v) Use: do, operate
function (v) Use: operate; move
furnish (v) Use: give, supply
further (adj, adv) Use: more, at a larger distance
gain (n) Use: increase
gain (v) Use: get
gap (n) Use: clearance, distance
gauge (v) Use: measure
generally (adv) Use: usually, frequently
generate (v) Use: give, make, supply
generous (adj) Use: by xxx (quantity)
generously (adv) Use: by a large quantity
gentle (adj) Use: carefully, lightly
gradual (adj) Use: slow and continuous
grasp (v) Use: hold
great/er/est (adj) Use: large/er/est
grip (n,v) Use: hold
grow (v) Use: become
guarantee (v) Use: make sure
halt (v) Use: stop
halve (v) Use: decrease to half
hand (v) Use: give
handle (v) Use: move, touch, be careful with
happen (v) Use: occur
harmful (adj) Use: dangerous, kill, cause damage
harmless (adj) Use: not dangerous
haul (v) Use: move, pull
hazard (n) Use: dangerous
head (v) Use: point, move, turn
help (n) Use: aid, help (v)
hoist (v) Use: lift
hook (v) Use: attach/catch with a hook
however (adv) Use: but
hygiene (n) Use: clean
identical (adj) Use: same
idle (v) Use: operate at minimum power
illegible (adj) Use: can not read
immediate (adj) Use: immediately (adv)
immerse (v) Use: put fully into
imminent (adj) Use: that can occur in a short time
immobilize (v) Use: stop
impair (v) Use: cause damage, decrease
impart (v) Use: apply, give, cause
imperative (adj) Use: must, necessary
implement (v) Use: do, make
importance (n) Use: important
impose (v) Use: put, cause
impossible (adj) Use: can not, not possible
improper (adj) Use: incorrect
improve (v) Use: make better
impurity (n) Use: unwanted material, contamination
inactive (adj) Use: off, stopped
inadvertent (adj) Use: accidental
incipient (adj) Use: start
incline (n) Use: slope
including (pre) Use: thru, together with, and, also
incomplete (adj) Use: not completed
incorporate (v) Use: include, have
increase (n) Use: increase (v)
incur (v) Use: cause
independent (adj) Use: independently
indicate (v) Use: show
indicated (adj) Use: shown
individual (adj, n) Use: each, one, person
induce (v) Use: cause
ineffective (adj) Use: does not have an effect
influence (v) Use: cause
inform (v) Use: tell
information (n) Use: data
ingest (v) Use: eat, drink, go into
ingress (n) Use: go into, entrance
inhale (v) Use: breathe
inhibit (v) Use: prevent, stop
inhibition (n) Use: prevent
initiate (v) Use: start
inject (v) Use: add, put into
injure (v) Use: injury
inoperative (adj) Use: does not operate is off
insert (v) Use: put into, be in
inside (adj,n,prep) Use: inner, in, into
insignificant (adj) Use: not important
inspect (v) Use: make an inspection, examine, look
instability (n) Use: not stable
instead (adv) Use: alternative
instruct (v) Use: tell, write, give
insufficient (adj) Use: not sufficient
insure (v) Use: make sure
integral (adj) Use: is part of
intend (v) Use: must
interchange (v) Use: change
interconnect (v) Use: connect
interfere (v) Use: cause, hit, catch, touch, clearance
interior (n) Use: internal internally
intermediate (adj) Use: between (give limits)
interpret (v) Use: tell, make sure, give
interrupt (v) Use: stop
interruption (n) Use: stop
intersect (v) Use: point, show
intersected (adj) Use: gone through
interval (n) Use: after, gap, distance
inverted (adj) Use: turned, opposite
investigate (v) Use: inspection, find, examine
involve (v) Use: include
inward (adj, adv) Use: in, inner, into
irregularity (n) Use: unusual, defect
isolation (n) Use: isolate
issue (v) Use: come out of
job (n) Use: task, work
join (v) Use: bond, put, attach, connect
just (adv) Use: immediately, near
kind (n) Use: group
knock (v) Use: hit
label (v) Use: identify with a label
lack (n) Use: not, no
laid (adj) Use: put down on, applied
lapse (v) Use: after, when
last (v) Use: continue
later (adj,adv) Use: subsequent, subsequently
latest (adj) Use: last
latter (n) Use: last
lay (v) Use: put down, on
lead (v) Use: go
leave (v) Use: let stay, keep
left hand (adj) Use: left
legible (adj) Use: read, can read
lengthen (v) Use: make longer, increase the length
less (prep) Use: without
liable (adj) Use: that can
liberal (adj) Use: large quantity
lie (v) Use: be
light (v) Use: set, come on
light-up (v) Use: start
limit (v) Use: keep to a limit
limitation (n) Use: limit
limited (adj) Use: limit
linger (v) Use: stay, be
link (v) Use: connect, attach
list (v) Use: show, give, write
load (v) Use: put a load on, install
localize (v) Use: find
locate (v) Use: find, install, engage, put
located (adj) Use: on, in, found, installed
log (v) Use: write
loop (v) Use: make a loop
lose (v) Use: decrease
loss (n) Use: decrease, leak, find
lost (adj) Use: decrease, find
lukewarm (adj) Use: warm
magnitude (n) Use: quantity, dimension
main (adj) Use: primary
maintain (v) Use: keep
major (adj) Use: primary, large, most important
man (n) Use: person
maneuverer (v) Use: move, control
manipulate (v) Use: move, adjust
manufacture (v) Use: make
margin (n) Use: edge, allowance, distance, limit, tolerance
mark (v) Use: make a mark
marked (adj) Use: identified
match (v) Use: be in line, make, install
matter (n) Use: material
may (v) Use: can, possible, possibly, not always, think
measurement (n) Use: dimension, quantity, measure
medium (adj) Use: moderately
meet (v) Use: is/are in line, engage, touch
mend (v) Use: repair
mention (v) Use: give
message (n) Use: tell, speak, data, indication, display
method (n) Use: procedure
mid (adj) Use: middle
midway (adv) Use: middle position
might (v) Use: possible, possibly, can, always, think
mild (adj) Use: weak, neutral
minimize (v) Use: keep to a minimum
minor (adj) Use: small, less important
miscellaneous (adj) Use: other
missing (adj) Use: can not find, not there
mistake (n) Use: error
mix (n) Use: mixture
mobile (adj) Use: movable
moderate (adj) Use: moderately
modification (n) Use: change
modify (v) Use: make a modification, change
moisten (v) Use: moist
momentary (adj) Use: momentarily
motion (n) Use: movement
nature (n) Use: type
nearly (adv) Use: almost
necessitate (v) Use: must, be necessary
need (v) Use: be necessary
needed (adj) Use: necessary
neither (adj, pn) Use: none
never (adv) Use: not, no
nevertheless (con) Use: but
next (adj) Use: subsequent
next to (pre) Use: adjacent to
nomenclature (n) Use: name
nominally (adv) Use: almost
non- (prefix) Use: that is not xxx
nor (con) Use: not… or
normal (adj) Use: usual, satisfactory, correct, serviceable
note (v) Use: write
noticeable (adj) Use: feel, see, hear, smell
notify (v) Use: tell
notwithstanding (con) Use: although
number (v) Use: give/ have numbers
numerically (adv) Use. number
observe (v) Use: look, monitor. see, obey
obstruct (v) Use: cause blockage, prevent, clogged, blocked
obstruction (n) Use: blockage
obtain (v) Use: get
occasion (n) Use: possibly, possible, if, occur, when
occupy (v) Use: is/are
occurrence (n) Use: if
often (adv) Use: frequently, usually
old (adj) Use: Used, remaining
omit (v) Use: do not do, ignore, make sure
once (adv, con) Use: one time, when
onset (n) Use: start
onto (prep) Use: on
opaque (adj) Use: not transparent
package (n) Use: container
partial (adj) Use: not fully
particular (adj) Use: special, applicable, specially
partly (adv) Use: not fully
pass (v) Use: go through, put, be on, more
passage (n) Use: go through, put through
past (prep) Use: around, through
paste (v) Use: bond
pay (v) Use: write, make sure
peel (v) Use: remove
penetrate (v) Use: go into, go through
per (prep) Use: for each, for every (for “as per” Use: refer to)
perfect (adj) Use: satisfactory, correct, serviceable, permitted
perforated (adj) Use; has holes through
perform (v) Use: do or commanding verb construction
period (n) Use: time
periodically (adv) Use: at regular times
permissible (adj) Use: permitted, satisfactory
perpendicular (adj) Use: vertical
persist (v) Use: continue
persistent (adj) Use: constant, regular, continued, many
personnel (n) Use; persons
personal (adj) Use: persons, you, your
pick up (v) Use: collect, catch
pierce (v) Use: go through/in, make a hole in
pinch (v) Use: hold tightly
place (n) Use: location, position
place (v) Use: put
plan (n) Use: procedure, program, data, schedule
plan (v) Use: schedule
plot (v) Use: make a graph
poor (adj) Use: unsatisfactory, defective, incorrect
pop (v) Use: come. move, open suddenly
portion (n) Use: piece, part
position (v) Use: put, set, install
possibility (n) Use: possible
postpone (v) Use: do not
potential (adj) Use: can, possible
pour (v) Use: put
practice (n) Use: procedure
precede (v) Use: come/ do before
preceding (adj) Use: before
precise (adj) Use: accurate, correct, precision
preferable (adj) Use: better, possible, recommend
preliminary (adj) Use: before, initial
premature (adj) Use: before the usual time
preparatory (adj) Use: prepare
prescribe (v) Use: write, give, approved
presence (n) Use: be
present (adj) Use: be
present (v) Use: give, show
preserve (v) Use: keep from damage, prevent damage to, do the preservation procedure
preset (adj, v) Use: set
press (v) Use: push
prevail (v) Use; is/are, usual
previous (adj) Use: again, before
primarily (adv) Use: primary
principal (adj) Use: primary
prior to (prep) Use: before
probe (v) Use: feel, examine
proceed (v) Use: continue
process (v) Use: send, do
process (n) Use: procedure, step
produce (v) Use: give, cause
product (n) Use: material, mixture
program (v) Use: do, schedule, program (n)
progress (n, v) Use: continue, move
progressive (adj) Use: continuous, step by step, increase
progressively (adv) Use: in steps, slowly, continuously
prohibit (v) Use: prevent, tell, do not
project (v) Use: continue, show, make a projection
prolonged (adj) Use: long
prompt (adj) Use: immediately, fast
propagation (n) Use: become larger
proper (adj) Use: correct, correctly, approved
proportional (adj) Use: in proportion
protect (v) Use: prevent, seal
protected (adj) Use: protection
protective (adj) Use: prevent
protrude (v) Use: be above, come out of
prove (v) Use: show, make sure
provide (v) Use: give, supply
provided (con) Use: if, when
providing (con) Use: if, when
provision (n) Use: have, be, possible, can
provisional (adj) Use: temporary
proximity (n) Use: near
purge (v) Use: remove
purify (v) Use: clean
purpose (n) Use: cause
qualified (adj) Use: approved
questionable (adj) Use: not sure
quick (adj) Use: fast, quickly
quote (v) Use: give
raise (v) Use: lift, increase, retract
random (adj) Use: at any time
rapid (adj) Use: fast
rapidly (adv) Use: quickly
rated (adj) Use: given, specified, correct
reach (v) Use: have
reaction (n) Use: force, effect
reading (n) Use: indication, value, show
readjust (v) Use: adjust
ready (v, adj) Use: prepare
reappear (v) Use: come into view, show
reason (n) Use: cause, because
reassemble (v) Use: assemble
rebuild (v) Use: assemble, make
recede (v) Use: go down
recheck (v) Use: do a check
reckon (v) Use: calculate
reclaim (v) Use: keep, get back, remove
re-close (v) Use: close
recognize (v) Use: find, know
recommendation (n) Use: instruction
reconnect (v) Use: connect
record (v) Use: write
recover (v) Use: keep, get back, remove
rectify (v) Use: repair, make correct, adjust
recur (v) Use: occur
reduce (v) Use: decrease
reduction (n) Use: decrease, small
reference (n) Use: refer to
referenced (adj) Use: identified, given, specified
register (v) Use: show, move
regulate (v) Use: control
regulation (n) Use: adjustment
reinforce (v) Use: make stronger
rejection (n) Use: reject
relate (v) Use: have a relation
relative (adj, -ly (adv) Use: related, their, its
relay (v) Use: tell
relevant (adj) Use: related, their, its
reliable (adj) Use: satisfactory
relieve (v, adj) Use: release, decrease
remain (v) Use: stay
remedy (n, v) Use: repair, make correct
remember (v) Use: write
remnant (n) Use: remaining
remote (adj) Use: far
removable (adj) Use: that you can remove
render (v) Use: make
renew (v) Use: put, Use
renovate (v) Use: repair, make clean
repeat (v) Use: do, make, operate
repeated (adj), – ly (adj) Use: again
replenish (v) Use: refill, add
report (v) Use: tell
reposition (v) Use: put, install
represent (v) Use: show
request (n, v) Use: tell, write
require (v) Use: be necessary
requirement (n) Use: necessary
residual (adj) Use: remaining, other
residue (n) Use: remaining
resolve (v) Use: find a solution, make a decision
respective (adj) Use: related, their, its, correct
respond (v) Use: operate
responsible (adj) Use: approved, must
rest (n, v) Use: remaining, is/are
restart (v) Use: start
restore (v) Use: put back, repair, paint
restrain (v) Use: hold, limit, prevent
restrict (v) Use: decrease, limit, held, prevent, only
result (v) Use: cause resulting (adj) Use: caused
resume (v) Use: start
retain (v) Use: keep, safety
return (n, v) Use: put, send, go
reusable (adj) Use: can use again
reuse (v) Use: use
reveal (v) Use: show
reverse (v) Use: turn
reverse (adj) Use: opposite
review (n) Use: examine, look
right-hand (adj) Use: right
rim (n) Use: edge, range
rinse (v) Use: remove, flush
ripped (adj) Use: damaged
rise (n, v) Use: increase
roll (v) Use: move, use a roller
rope-off (v) Use: put ropes around
rotary (adj) Use: turn
rotate (v) Use: turn
rotation (n) Use: turn
roughen (v) Use: make rough
round (adj) Use: circular
routine (adj) Use: regular, usual
rule (n) Use: usually
run (n, v) Use: operate
safeguard (v) Use: make sure
salvage (v) Use: keep, collect, repair
sample (v) Use: get, remove
satisfy (v) Use: get, occur
save (v) Use: keep
scan (v) Use: make a scan, inspection, examine
scrap (v) Use: discard
scrape (v) Use: remove
scratch (v) Use: have/ cause scratches
screw (v) Use: install, turn, attach with a screw
scrub (v) Use: clean, remove
scrupulous (adj) Use: fully
sealing (n) Use: seal
search (v, n) Use: look for, examine
seat (v) Use: put, install, touch, engaged
secure (adj) Use: attach, install, safety, connect
seek (v) Use: look for, get
seem (v) Use: look as if
seized (adj) Use: can not move, can not turn, caught
select (v) Use: set
separate (adj) Use: disconnected, divided, not attached
separate (v) Use: move apart, isolate
serious (adj) Use: bad, important, dangerous
serve (v) Use: control, do
setting (n) Use: adjustment, position, move, set
settle (v) Use: stop, go to the bottom
sever (v) Use: cut
several (adj) Use: different (give range, quantity, number)
severe (adj) Use: bad, dangerous
shall, should (v) Use: must
shape (v) Use: make in the shape
sharply (adv) Use: quickly, suddenly
shift (v) Use: move, change
shorten (v) Use: make shorter, decrease the length
should (v) Use: must, if
shrink (v) Use: make/ become smaller
shutdown (n, v) Use: stop, close
sight (n, v) Use: view, see, look, point, examine
signal (v) Use: tell, give a signal
significant (adj) Use: important
silence (v) Use: operate, stop, hear
similar (adj) Use: almost the same, equivalent
simple (adj) Use: easy
simply (adv) Use: easily, only
simulated (adj) Use: equivalent
simultaneous (adj) Use: at the same time
single (adj) Use: one
sit (v) Use: be on/ against, touch
situate (v) Use: location, is/are
size (n) Use: dimension
skilled (adj) Use: approved
slack (adj, n) Use: loose
slacken (v) Use: loosen, release
slap (v) Use: hit slide (v) Use: move
slight (adj) Use: small, light, lightly, almost
slip (v) Use: remove, move
slotted (adj) Use: has slots
slow down (v) Use: decrease the speed
smear (v) Use: put apply
smooth (v) Use: make smooth
snag (n) Use: failure, defect
snag (v) Use: catch
snap (v) Use: move suddenly
sniff (v) Use: smell
soften (v) Use: be/become soft
softly (adv) Use: with a small amount of force
soiled (adj) Use: dirty
solidify (v) Use: become solid
soluble (adj) Use: becomes a liquid in
solve (v) Use: find out
sometimes (adv) Use: not always, possible, possibly
sort (v) Use: put into groups
sort (n) Use: type
space (v) Use: put apart
spacing (n) Use: distance
sparingly (adv) Use: small quantity
spark (v) Use: make sparks
specific (adj) Use: special, specified
specify (v) Use: give, show, tell, write
speech (n) Use: voice, speak
spill (v) Use: fall, flow on to, leakage
spin (v) Use: turn quickly
splice (v) Use: make a splice, attach
split (v, adj) Use: divide, break, open
spontaneous (adj) Use: sudden, automatically
spot (n) Use: mark, stain, point, position, location
spot (v) Use: see, find
spray (v) Use: apply with a spray gun
spread (v) Use: apply
spring (v) Use: move suddenly, move quickly
spurious (adj) Use: unwanted, incorrect
squarely (adv) Use: at 90 degrees to
squeeze (v) Use: move, hold
stability (n) Use: stable
stabilize (v) Use: become stable
stage (n) Use: step, time
stagnate (v) Use: increase, decrease
stained (adj) Use: stain, dirty
stamp (v) Use: make/have a mark, identify
stand (v) Use: move/stay away
standard (adj) Use: usual, approved
state (n) Use: condition
state (v) Use: tell
static (adj) Use: stopped, stable
station (v) Use: put
stationary (adj) Use: stopped, stable
steady (add) Use: stable, continuously
steep (adj) Use: x degrees
steer (v) Use: move
stencil (v) Use: write
stick (v) Use: bond, attach
sticky (adj) Use: tacky
stiff (adj) Use: rigid, will not turn/move
stiffness (n) Use: move, turn
still (adj) Use: stay, move, turn, no motion
stimulate (v) Use: increase
stipulated (adj) Use: given, approved, specified
stir (v) Use: mix
storage (n) Use: keep
store (v) Use: keep, put
stout (adj) Use: strong, solid
stow (v) Use: put, keep
straighten (v) Use: make/become straight
strain (v) Use: put, cause damage
stress (v) Use: put force, stressed (adj)
stretch (v) Use: extend, pull, make larger
strike (v) Use: hit
strip (v) Use: remove
striped (adj) Use: show/have lines
subject (v) Use: apply, make, cause, do
submerge (v) Use: put into
submit (v) Use: make, send, do
subsequent to (pre) Use: after
substance (n) Use: agent, material
substitute (adj, n, v) Use: alternative, replace, replacement
subtraction (n) Use: decrease, subtract
successive (adj) Use: one after the other
suggest (v) Use: tell, talk, recommend
suit (v) Use: agree, be satisfactory for, adapt, adjust
suitable (adj) Use: applicable, correct, correctly
sum (v) Use: add, calculate
superimpose (v) Use: move on top of, align with
support (n, v) Use: hold
surplus (adj) Use: too much, not necessary, not Used
surrounding (adj) Use: adjacent, near, on all sides
survey (v) Use: make an inspection, examine
suspect (adj, v) Use: think, incorrect, unsatisfactory
suspend (v) Use: hang, stop
swallow (v) Use: drink, eat
sweep (v) Use: make a scan
sweep (n) Use: scan
swing (v) Use: move, calibrate
switch (v) Use: set, turn, push the switch
synchronize (v) Use: align, adjust, synchronized
tabulate (v) Use: write
take (v) Use: move, remove, read, get, follow, do
talk (v) Use: speak, tell
tampered (adj) Use: moved, changed, adjusted
tape (v) Use: put/Use tape
taped (adj) Use: attached, connected, closed with tape, written on magnetic tape
taut (adj) Use: tight
tear (v) Use: be damaged
technique (n) Use: procedure
tend (v) Use: cause
tension (v) Use: tighten, cause tension
terminate (v) Use: stop complete
test (v) Use: do a test
theoretical (adj) Use: theory
therefore (adv) Use: thus
thin (v) Use: add, mix, make thin
thorough (adj) Use: full, fully
threaten (v) Use: be possible, look as if
throughout (prep) Use: during
throw (v) Use: fall, hit, discard
tie (v) Use: attach, hold
till (con) Use: until
tilt (v) Use: move/put at an angle
time (v) Use: measure the time
tip (v) Use: move, put
tip (n) Use: end, point
tone (n) Use: sound
torn (adj) Use: damaged
touch (n) Use: touch (v)
towards (prep) Use: to
toxic (adj) Use: dangerous, can kill, poisonous
trace (n, v) Use: find, sign
track (v) Use: find, monitor
trained (adj) Use: approved
transfer (n) Use: movement, supply
transfer (v) Use: move, put, give, transmit
transform (v) Use: change
transition (n) Use: change
transport (v) Use: move
trapped (adj) Use: caught
travel (v) Use: move
traverse (v) Use: move
treat (v) Use: put, use, apply, prepared
treatment (n) Use: paint, apply, layer
trigger (v) Use: start, cause
trim (v) Use: cut, move, adjust
trip (v) Use: open, go, release
triple (adj) Use: three
true (adj) Use: correct
tuck (v) Use: put
twice (adj, adv) Use: two times
typical (adj) Use: usual, example
U
unable (adj) Use: can not
unattached (adj) Use: not attached, loose
unauthorized (adj) Use: not approved
uncap (v) Use: remove
unclamp (v) Use: remove, loosen. release
unclean (adj) Use: not clean, dirty
unclip (v) Use: remove
uncoil (v) Use: wind off
uncontaminated (adj) Use: clean, not dirty
uncouple (v) Use: loosen, become loose
uncovered (adj) Use: without a cover, without protection
underhanded (adj) Use: not necessary, unwanted, caused without input
under (prep) Use: below, less than, lower than
underneath (prep) Use: below
underside (n) Use: bottom
undertake (v) Use: commanding verb construction
undesirable (adj) Use: not necessary, unwanted
undo (v) Use: release, loosen
undue (adj) Use: not necessary, too much, more
uneven (adj) Use: not smooth, not symmetrical, not flat
unfilled (adj) Use: not filled
unfold (v) Use: open
uniform (adj) Use: constant, same, equal, correct
unimportant (adj) Use: not important
unintentional (adj) Use: accidental, accidentally
unlatch (v) Use: release open
unlimited (adj) Use: no limit
unload (v) Use: remove, release
unloaded (adj) Use: removed, no load on
unlock (v) Use: release, open
unlocked (adj) Use: not locked, open
unnecessary (adj) Use: not necessary
unobstructed (adj) Use: not clogged, free, clear
unpainted (adj) Use: not painted
unplug (v) Use: remove, disconnect
unprotected (adj) Use: no protection
unravel (v) Use: wind off
unreel (v) Use: wind off
unrestricted (adj) Use: no limit, free
unsafe (adj) Use: not safe, dangerous
unscrew (v) Use: remove, release, loosen
unseat (v) Use: remove, open, operate
unshielded (adj) Use: has no shield
unstable (adj) Use: not stable
unusable (adj) Use: can not be used, not serviceable
unused (adj) Use: not used, new
unwind (v) Use: wind off, removed
unworked (adj) Use: not worked
up (adj) Use: up (adv)
up to (prep) Use: until, as far as, as much as, thru
upon (prep) Use: on, when
upper (adj) Use: higher, top
uppermost (adj) Use: highest upright (adj) Use: vertical
upwards (adv) Use: up
urgent (adj) Use: immediately, important, quickly
usage (n) Use: use
utilization (n) Use: use
utilize (v) Use: use
utmost (adj) Use: much, large
valid (adj) Use: correct, satisfactory, that can be used
vaporize (v) Use: make into gas, become gas
variable (adj) Use: change, adjust
varied (adj) Use: different, changed
various (adj) Use: different, more than one, all
vary (v) Use: change, adjust
ventilate (v) Use: be open to the air
ventilation (n) Use: air
verbal (adj) Use: tell, hear
verify (v) Use: make sure
via (prep) Use: through
vibrate (v) Use: shake
vice versa (adv) Use: opposite, sequence changed
vicinity (n) Use: near
view (v) Use: see
vigorous (adj) Use: fast, heavy, strong, with much force
visible (adj) Use: see, look
vital (adj) Use: important, necessary
wait (v) Use: stop
walking (adj) Use: slow, slowly (give speed)
want (v) Use: be necessary
warm (v) Use: become warm
warn (v) Use: tell
wash (v) Use: remove, clean
waste (adj) Use: Used, of no value, not necessary
waste (n) Use: unwanted/discarded material
watch (v) Use: monitor; look
watertight (adj) Use: sealed
way (n) Use: procedure, cause
weakness (n) Use: weak
well (adv) Use: good, satisfactorily, correctly
whenever (con) Use: when
whether (con) Use: if
whichever (pn) Use: which
whilst (con) Use: while, although
whoever (pn) Use: who
whole (adj) Use: all, full
wholly (adv) Use; fully
whose (pn) Use: of which
wide/er/est (adj) Use: large/er/est
wipe (v) Use: make clean, make dry, rub
wire (v) Use: connect
withdraw (v) Use: remove
within (prep) Use; in, in less than, in… or less
withstand (v) Use: go through satisfactorily, be resistant to
work (v) Use: do
would (v) Use: will
wrap (v) Use: wind
wrapped (adj) Use: wound
wrong (adj) Use: incorrect, unsatisfactory
yet (con) Use: but
zero (v) Use: adjust to zero, be at zero