Lautakunta sanoo kirjoitelman arviointiohjeissa tekstilajin mukaisesta rakenteesta seuraavaa:

Ysin kirjoitelma: Teksti on yhtenäinen, koherentti kokonaisuus. Siinä on selkeä tekstilajin mukainen rakenne, jota lukijan on helppo seurata.

Kasin kirjoitelma: Tekstin rakenne on tekstilajille sopiva ja yhtenäinen, eikä lukijan tarvitse ponnistella ymmärtääkseen kokonaisuutta. Tekstissä on selkeä alku ja loppu.

Seiskan kirjoitelma: Teksti voi olla hieman hajanainen, ja tekstilaji toteutuu epäjohdonmukaisesti. Lukija saa kuitenkin hyvän käsityksen kokonaisuudesta.

Kuutosen kirjoitelma: Tekstin rakenne on hajanainen ja tekstilajin edellyttämä etenemislogiikka horjuu.

***

Pitkän oppimäärän kirjoitelman arviointiriteerit on määritelty seuraavasti:

1. Viestinnällisyys: Mitä tehtävänannon mukaista sisältöä kokelas on halunnut ilmaista, ja kuinka hän on ilmaisussaan onnistunut?
2. Tekstin sisältö ja/tai aiheen käsittely: Kuinka monipuolisesti kokelas käsittelee annettua aihetta?

3. Tekstilajin mukainen rakenne (kuvailevat, kertovat, ohjaavat, kantaa ottavat ja pohtivat tekstit): Kuinka johdonmukaista ja sidosteista hänen kirjoittamansa teksti on?

4. Kielellinen laajuus: Kuinka monipuolisesti ja idiomaattisesti kokelas käyttää sanastoa ja
rakenteita?
5. Oikeakielisyys ja virheiden vakavuus: Kuinka hyvin kokelas hallitsee sanaston ja rakenteiden käytön, ja millaisia virheitä hän mahdollisesti tekee?

Sidoskeinot auttavat olennaisella tavalla tämän tavoitellun rakenteen saavuttamisessa.  Kannattaa siis olla tietoinen sidoskeinoista ja mieluimmin abin pitäisi osata niitä soveltaakin omassa tekstissään.

SEURAAVA KÄSITTELY KESKITTYY SIDOSKEINOIHIN. READ ON! 🙂

Coherence = Sidosteisuus

When sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here. Note that good writers use a combination of these methods. Do not rely on and overuse any single method – especially transitional words.

1. Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase (= Avaintermin tai fraasin toistaminen)

This helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track.

Example:

The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.

2. Synonyms (= Samaa tarkoittavien sanojen käyttäminen)

Synonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.

Example:

Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.

3. Pronouns (= Asiaan viitataan pronominilla)

This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.

Example:

When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.

4. Transitional Words (=Linkkisanat)

There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. See below for a table of transitional words.  There you’ll find lists of words such as however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover, etc.

Example:

I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can’t help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I’ll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car’s windshield.

Note that transitional words have meaning and are not just used at beginnings of sentences. They can also be used to show relationships between different parts of the same sentence. As mentioned above they cue readers to relationships between sentences/clauses. If you use the wrong transitional word then you confuse your reader. It would be better if you didn’t use any transitional word rather than the wrong one. Furthermore you do not need a transitional word at the beginning of each sentence. Good writers rarely use them as they achieve coherence by using other techniques. Many students overuse transitional words.

• cohesion (composition)
• transitional words and phrases
• writing paragraphs

Lista linkkisanoista myös täällä. Vanhat kunnon Quirk & Greenbaum käsittelevät linkkisanoja täällä. Linkkisanoja lisää. 

Konjunktiot, sidossanat ja lauseadverbit kertaheitolla haltuun. Nämä on osattava kirjoituksissa.

5. Sentence Patterns (= Lauserakenteet)

Sometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.

Example: (from a speech by President John F. Kennedy)

And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country.

6. Miscellaneous – Adverbs (lauseadverbit)may be used at the beginning of sentences to show how the sentence which follows relates to the rest of the text. Many of them reveal the writers attitude to the idea they are expressing and so can be used as an important tool in evaluative writing.

Haluatko katsoa luennon koheesiosta? Be my guest:

Cohesive devices are words or phrases used to connect ideas between different parts of text. There are three main types of cohesive devices:

• Pronouns that refer back to a previously mentioned noun.
  • Example: Jim went out to the playground. He played on the swings.

• Substitution of a synonym for a previously mentioned noun.
  • Example: There was a lot of food, but she only ate the bread.

• Transition words and inter-clausal connectors such as so or because
  • Example: Jim played on the swings. Later, Jim played ball.
  • Example: Mary was late, so she took the bus. Mary was late, because she took the bus.

Lauseadverbit kirjoittajan tukena

Helposti muistettavia virkkeiden aloitusfraaseja täällä.

Lauseiden aloitusjuttuja täälläkin. Voit näillä tienviitoilla osoittaa lukijalle, mikä on seuraavan suuren ideasi suunta. Mietipä ite. Ei ole helppoa suunnistaa, jos tienviitat puuttuvat.

Lisää tienviittoja. Lukijasi kiittävät.

Admittedly

All things considered

As a general rule

As far as we know

Astonishingly

Broadly

By and large

Characteristically

Clearly

Coincidentally

Conveniently

Curiously

Disappointingly

Equally

Essentially

Explicitly

Even so

Eventually

Fortunately

Fundamentally

Generally speaking

Interestingly

Ironically

In essence

In general

In particular

In practice

In reality

In retrospect/hindsight

In theory

In view of this

More interestingly

More seriously

More specifically

Naturally

On balance

Obviously

On reflection

Overall

Paradoxically

Potentially

Predictably

Presumably

Primarily

Probably

Remarkably

Seemingly

Significantly

Surprisingly

Theoretically

To all intents and purposes

Typically

Ultimately

Understandably

Undoubtedly

Unfortunately

With hindsight

Transitional Words        Linkkisanoja  Linkkisanat PDF-muodossa

Addition

again

also

and

and then

besides

equally

further(more)

in addition (to…)

indeed

next

in fact

moreover

too

what is more

finally

Comparison

compared with

in comparison with

in the same way/manner

similarly

likewise

again

also

Contrast

besides

but

however

in contrast

instead

conversely

it may be the case that

certainly

also

likewise

naturally

nevertheless

of course

on the contrary

on the other hand

regardless

granted

like

different from

Alternatively

still

whereas

while

yet

although

despite

it is true that

notwithstanding

Enumeration

first(ly) secondly etc.

finally

in the (first) place

last

to (begin) with

more important

on top of (that)

next

then

Concession

although it is true that

it may appear

regardless

certainly

granted that

naturally

it is true  that

I admit that

of course

it may be the case that

Exemplification

as (evidence of…)

for example

for instance

thus

to illustrate

such as

to show what (I mean)

specifically

let us (take the case of…)

Inference

if not, …

in (that) case

otherwise

that implies

then

Summary/Conclusion

in all

in brief

to summarise

in summary

in short

in conclusion

therefore

In a nutshell

on the whole

to sum up

basically

Time and Sequence

after (a while)

afterwards

at first

at last

at (the same time)

while

first , second, third…

thereafter

concurrently

soon

as soon as

before (that time)

finally

in the end

meanwhile

next

immediately

next

firstly , secondly, thirdly…

in the future

subsequently

at that time

since (then)

so far

then

(up to) (then)

later

somewhat earlier

shortly

over the next (2 days)

as long as

last

Result

accordingly

as a result

consequently

since

as a consequence of…

caused

accordingly

for that reason

hence

thus

if…then…

…result(s) in …

contribute to

In consequence

then

therefore

the ( consequence ) of that is…

…is due to…

brought about by/because…

lead to…

Reformulation

in other words

rather

Briefly

put simply

that is (to say)

to put it more (simply)

basically

Replacement

again

alternatively

(better) still

on the other hand

the alternative is…

Transition

as far as … is concerned

as for …

incidentally

now

to turn to…

with ( reference) to

with regard to…

Concerning…

Place/Position

above

beyond

in the back

nearby

elsewhere

opposite to

behind

adjacent

here

near

there

far

to the left

below

in front

there

closer to

farther on

to the right