Lautakunta sanoo kirjoitelman arviointiohjeissa tekstilajin mukaisesta rakenteesta seuraavaa:
Ysin kirjoitelma: Teksti on yhtenäinen, koherentti kokonaisuus. Siinä on selkeä tekstilajin mukainen rakenne, jota lukijan on helppo seurata.
Kasin kirjoitelma: Tekstin rakenne on tekstilajille sopiva ja yhtenäinen, eikä lukijan tarvitse ponnistella ymmärtääkseen kokonaisuutta. Tekstissä on selkeä alku ja loppu.
Seiskan kirjoitelma: Teksti voi olla hieman hajanainen, ja tekstilaji toteutuu epäjohdonmukaisesti. Lukija saa kuitenkin hyvän käsityksen kokonaisuudesta.
Kuutosen kirjoitelma: Tekstin rakenne on hajanainen ja tekstilajin edellyttämä etenemislogiikka horjuu.
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Pitkän oppimäärän kirjoitelman arviointiriteerit on määritelty seuraavasti:
1. Viestinnällisyys: Mitä tehtävänannon mukaista sisältöä kokelas on halunnut ilmaista, ja kuinka hän on ilmaisussaan onnistunut?
2. Tekstin sisältö ja/tai aiheen käsittely: Kuinka monipuolisesti kokelas käsittelee annettua aihetta?
3. Tekstilajin mukainen rakenne (kuvailevat, kertovat, ohjaavat, kantaa ottavat ja pohtivat tekstit): Kuinka johdonmukaista ja sidosteista hänen kirjoittamansa teksti on?
4. Kielellinen laajuus: Kuinka monipuolisesti ja idiomaattisesti kokelas käyttää sanastoa ja
rakenteita?
5. Oikeakielisyys ja virheiden vakavuus: Kuinka hyvin kokelas hallitsee sanaston ja rakenteiden käytön, ja millaisia virheitä hän mahdollisesti tekee?
Sidoskeinot auttavat olennaisella tavalla tämän tavoitellun rakenteen saavuttamisessa. Kannattaa siis olla tietoinen sidoskeinoista ja mieluimmin abin pitäisi osata niitä soveltaakin omassa tekstissään.
SEURAAVA KÄSITTELY KESKITTYY SIDOSKEINOIHIN. READ ON! 🙂
Coherence = Sidosteisuus
When sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here. Note that good writers use a combination of these methods. Do not rely on and overuse any single method – especially transitional words.
1. Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase (= Avaintermin tai fraasin toistaminen)
This helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track.
Example:
The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.
2. Synonyms (= Samaa tarkoittavien sanojen käyttäminen)
Synonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.
Example:
Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.
3. Pronouns (= Asiaan viitataan pronominilla)
This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.
Example:
When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.
4. Transitional Words (=Linkkisanat)
There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. See below for a table of transitional words. There you’ll find lists of words such as however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover, etc.
Example:
I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can’t help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I’ll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car’s windshield.
Note that transitional words have meaning and are not just used at beginnings of sentences. They can also be used to show relationships between different parts of the same sentence. As mentioned above they cue readers to relationships between sentences/clauses. If you use the wrong transitional word then you confuse your reader. It would be better if you didn’t use any transitional word rather than the wrong one. Furthermore you do not need a transitional word at the beginning of each sentence. Good writers rarely use them as they achieve coherence by using other techniques. Many students overuse transitional words.
Lista linkkisanoista myös täällä. Vanhat kunnon Quirk & Greenbaum käsittelevät linkkisanoja täällä. Linkkisanoja lisää.
Konjunktiot, sidossanat ja lauseadverbit kertaheitolla haltuun. Nämä on osattava kirjoituksissa.
5. Sentence Patterns (= Lauserakenteet)
Sometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.
Example: (from a speech by President John F. Kennedy)
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country.
6. Miscellaneous – Adverbs (lauseadverbit)may be used at the beginning of sentences to show how the sentence which follows relates to the rest of the text. Many of them reveal the writers attitude to the idea they are expressing and so can be used as an important tool in evaluative writing.
Haluatko katsoa luennon koheesiosta? Be my guest:
Cohesive devices are words or phrases used to connect ideas between different parts of text. There are three main types of cohesive devices:
- Pronouns that refer back to a previously mentioned noun.
- Example: Jim went out to the playground. He played on the swings.
- Substitution of a synonym for a previously mentioned noun.
- Example: There was a lot of food, but she only ate the bread.
- Transition words and inter-clausal connectors such as so or because
- Example: Jim played on the swings. Later, Jim played ball.
- Example: Mary was late, so she took the bus. Mary was late, because she took the bus.
Lauseadverbit kirjoittajan tukena
Lauseadverbit
Lauseadverbit ovat voimaenglantia. Niillä voit osoittaa, miten seuraava lause liittyy muuhun kirjoittamaasi tekstiin. Ne kertovat kirjoittajan suhtautumisesta asiaansa. Niitä on englannissa helppo käyttää: ne aloittavat virkkeen ja ne erotetaan pilkulla muusta lauseyhteydestä.
Muista kuitenkin, että lauseadverbit ovat vain yksi tyylikeino muiden joukossa, joten niiden yletön käyttö ei ole suositeltavaa. Alla on listaa nopsaan opiskeluun. Quizlet-korteiksikin on SaijaNi alla olevat vääntänyt. Kiitos siitä, Saija! 🙂
Admittedly Eittämättä
All things considered Kaikenkaikkiaan
As a general rule Yleensä
As far as we know Tietääksemme
Astonishingly Hämmästyttävästi
Broadly speaking Yleisesti puhuen , Suurin piirtein
By and large Suurin piirtein , Yleensä
Characteristically Tyypillisesti
Clearly Selvästi
Coincidentally Sattumalta
Conveniently Mukavasti , Sopivasti , Haitatta
Curiously Kummallista kyllä
Disappointingly Pettymykseksi
Equally Samalla tavoin , Samoin
Essentially Pääasiallisesti , Pohjimmiltaan
Explicitly Nimenomaisesti ; Täsmällisesti
Even so Silti , Siitä huolimatta
Eventually Lopulta , Vihdoin
Fortunately Onneksi
Fundamentally Pohjimmiltaan , Perusolemukseltaan
Furthermore Edelleen , Sen lisäksi
Generally speaking Ylipäänsä , Yleensä
Interestingly Kiinnostavaa kyllä
Ironically On kohtalon ivaa , Ivallisesti
In essence Varsinaisesti , Pohjimmiltaan
In general Yleensä , Tavallisesti
In particular Erityisesti , Nimenomaan
In practice Käytännössä
In reality Todellisuudessa
In retrospect/hindsight Jälkeenpäin ajatellen
Interestingly Mikä mielenkiintoista
In theory Teoriassa
In view of this Huomioonottaen , Silmälläpitäen
Naturally Luonnollisesti
On balance Kaiken kaikkiaan
Obviously Ilmiselvästi
On reflection Asiaa tarkemmin harkittuani
Overall Yleensä ottaen , Kaiken kaikkiaan
Paradoxically On ristiriitaista, että
Potentially Mahdollisesti
Predictably Ennustusten mukaan , Kuten saattoi olettaa
Presumably Oletettavasti , Luultavasti
Primarily Enimmäkseen , Pääasiallisesti
Probably Todennäköisesti
Remarkably Huomattavan , Aivan erityisen
Seemingly Nähtävästi . Kaikesta päättäen
Seriously Vakavasti ottaen , Tosissaan
Significantly Mikä on merkittävää
Specifically Nimenomaan , Täsmällisesti
Surprisingly Yllättäen , Ihme kyllä
Theoretically Teoriassa
To all intents and purposes Itse asiassa , Käytännölliesti katsoen
Typically Tyypillisesti
Ultimately Lopulta , Vime kädessä
Understandably Ymmärrettävästi
Undoubtedly Epäilemättä
Unfortunately Valitettavasti
With hindsight Jälkeenpäin ajatellen , Näin jälkiviisaana
Helposti muistettavia virkkeiden aloitusfraaseja täällä.
Lauseiden aloitusjuttuja täälläkin. Voit näillä tienviitoilla osoittaa lukijalle, mikä on seuraavan suuren ideasi suunta. Mietipä ite. Ei ole helppoa suunnistaa, jos tienviitat puuttuvat.
Lisää tienviittoja. Lukijasi kiittävät.
Admittedly
All things considered
As a general rule
As far as we know
Astonishingly
Broadly
By and large
Characteristically
Clearly
Coincidentally
Conveniently
Curiously
Disappointingly
Equally
Essentially
Explicitly
Even so
Eventually
Fortunately
Fundamentally
Generally speaking
Interestingly
Ironically
In essence
In general
In particular
In practice
In reality
In retrospect/hindsight
In theory
In view of this
More interestingly
More seriously
More specifically
Naturally
On balance
Obviously
On reflection
Overall
Paradoxically
Potentially
Predictably
Presumably
Primarily
Probably
Remarkably
Seemingly
Significantly
Surprisingly
Theoretically
To all intents and purposes
Typically
Ultimately
Understandably
Undoubtedly
Unfortunately
With hindsight
Transitional Words Linkkisanoja Linkkisanat PDF-muodossa
Addition
again
also
and
and then
besides
equally
further(more)
in addition (to…)
indeed
next
in fact
moreover
too
what is more
finally
Comparison
compared with
in comparison with
in the same way/manner
similarly
likewise
again
also
Contrast
besides
but
however
in contrast
instead
conversely
it may be the case that
certainly
also
likewise
naturally
nevertheless
of course
on the contrary
on the other hand
regardless
granted
like
different from
Alternatively
still
whereas
while
yet
although
despite
it is true that
notwithstanding
Enumeration
first(ly) secondly etc.
finally
in the (first) place
last
to (begin) with
more important
on top of (that)
next
then
Concession
although it is true that
it may appear
regardless
certainly
granted that
naturally
it is true that
I admit that
of course
it may be the case that
Exemplification
as (evidence of…)
for example
for instance
thus
to illustrate
such as
to show what (I mean)
specifically
let us (take the case of…)
Inference
if not, …
in (that) case
otherwise
that implies
then
Summary/Conclusion
in all
in brief
to summarise
in summary
in short
in conclusion
therefore
In a nutshell
on the whole
to sum up
basically
Time and Sequence
after (a while)
afterwards
at first
at last
at (the same time)
while
first , second, third…
thereafter
concurrently
soon
as soon as
before (that time)
finally
in the end
meanwhile
next
immediately
next
firstly , secondly, thirdly…
in the future
subsequently
at that time
since (then)
so far
then
(up to) (then)
later
somewhat earlier
shortly
over the next (2 days)
as long as
last
Result
accordingly
as a result
consequently
since
as a consequence of…
caused
accordingly
for that reason
hence
thus
if…then…
…result(s) in …
contribute to
In consequence
then
therefore
the ( consequence ) of that is…
…is due to…
brought about by/because…
lead to…
Reformulation
in other words
rather
Briefly
put simply
that is (to say)
to put it more (simply)
basically
Replacement
again
alternatively
(better) still
on the other hand
the alternative is…
Transition
as far as … is concerned
as for …
incidentally
now
to turn to…
with ( reference) to
with regard to…
Concerning…
Place/Position
above
beyond
in the back
nearby
elsewhere
opposite to
behind
adjacent
here
near
there
far
to the left
below
in front
there
closer to
farther on
to the right