Here’s a full analysis of the multiple-choice questions (plus the content question) from the List of Suspicious Things task, with explanations for why the answers marked in black were correct and references to the text.

8.1 Which of the following best describes the appearance of Bishopsfield?

• Upscale → Wrong. Nothing in the description suggests luxury or wealth. Instead, the school is described as battered, chipped, unkempt.
• Scruffy → Correct. The classrooms had “wooden desks, chipped and battered,” the playground was “an unkempt field,” and the toilets were cold and echoing. → Reference: Paragraph 1.
• Notorious → Wrong. The school isn’t described as infamous or feared, only shabby.

8.2 Why doesn’t the narrator like the school toilets?

• They can be out of use → Wrong. No mention of toilets not working.
• They tend to be cold → Correct. The narrator says: “There was a toilet block outside where our voices would echo and our bodies shiver when we had to use it.” → Reference: Paragraph 1.
• They are too far away → Wrong. The distance isn’t the issue, the temperature is.

8.3 How does the narrator see herself and her classmates?

• Rather ordinary and mundane → Correct. She compares them unfavorably to the “posher” Victorian-era children, and describes them pulling at collars, fidgeting, groaning. Ordinary, not special. → Reference: Paragraph 1–2.
• A little lost in a big school → Wrong. No mention of size or being lost.
• Like children in an old book → Wrong. She says the school reminded her of Jane Eyre, not that they resembled old-fashioned characters.

8.4 What is the root of the trouble in the lesson?

• Two boys are disturbing everyone else → Partly true (Neil and Reece fight at the back), but that’s the symptom, not the root cause.
• The students are unhappy with the teacher → Wrong. Mr Ware is strict, but the text doesn’t suggest they dislike him personally.
• The class finds it difficult being back from the holidays → Correct. The narrator says: “It being the first day back after half-term, it felt like all thirty of our class were fidgeting …” → Reference: Paragraph 2.

8.5 What is Mr Ware’s attitude to the restlessness?

• Nonchalant → Wrong. He doesn’t ignore it; he reacts strongly.
• Strict → Correct. He first warns, then commands “hands on heads,” finally assigns extra homework, and threatens more punishment: “If I hear another groan out of any of you, I’ll give you something to groan about.” → Reference: Paragraph 2–3.
• Gentle → Wrong. His tone is anything but gentle.

8.6 Miksi kertoja piti juuri tästä kotitehtävästä?

Suggested answer: Hänellä oli siitä jo valmiiksi tietoa.

• Reference: “I loved homework. I also knew a bit about the mills as the women in my family had all worked in them.” → Paragraph 4.

8.7 What could be an alternative title for this text?

• Those were the days → Wrong. Too nostalgic; tone of the passage is not celebratory but descriptive and a bit critical.
• Back in the day → Correct. Fits the retrospective teenage perspective, situates the story in the past (1970s Yorkshire) without romanticizing.
• Seize the day → Wrong. Doesn’t match the theme; the story isn’t about living fully in the moment.

Here’s a breakdown of likely student mistakes in this comprehension task and why weaker candidates might choose the wrong answers. These are exactly the traps examiners set, so showing them to students can sharpen their awareness.

8.1 Bishopsfield’s appearance

• ❌ Upscale – Some might confuse “Victorian times” and “posher children” with richness. They latch onto “posh” and ignore the shabby description.
• ❌ Notorious – Others may associate “graffitied desks” and “troublemakers” with a bad reputation, but the text never says the school was infamous.

8.2 The toilets

• ❌ Out of use – Students may assume “old Victorian school” → “things must be broken.” That’s background knowledge, not in the text.
• ❌ Too far away – Because the toilets are described as “outside,” weaker readers infer distance = problem, even though the narrator explicitly says cold.

8.3 The narrator and classmates

• ❌ Lost in a big school – The size of the school is never mentioned, but “Victorian” might make some imagine a huge institution.
• ❌ Like children in an old book – A very tempting distractor, since Jane Eyre is mentioned. But it describes the school, not the pupils. Many students skim and mix up details.

8.4 Root of the trouble

• ❌ Two boys disturbing everyone else – A common wrong choice. Neil and Reece do fight, but the narrator frames it as part of a wider restlessness: “It being the first day back after half-term…” Students focusing only on the fight miss the cause behind it.
• ❌ Unhappy with the teacher – Another “easy misread.” Mr Ware is strict, but nothing suggests they dislike him personally. Weak candidates may project their own school feelings onto the story.

8.5 Mr Ware’s attitude

• ❌ Nonchalant – Misreading the teacher’s initial calm as “doesn’t care.” But his quick escalation (hands on heads, homework punishment) proves otherwise.
• ❌ Gentle – Some may confuse his assigning “homework with drawings” as a “creative, nice teacher.” They miss his threats (“I’ll give you something to groan about”).

8.6 Miksi kertoja piti tästä kotitehtävästä?

• Mistake: answering “Koska hän rakasti läksyjä.”
  • True but incomplete. The key reason is she already knew about the mills (her family worked there). Exams expect this deeper link.

8.7 Alternative title

• ❌ Those were the days – Looks tempting because it’s nostalgic. But the tone isn’t one of fond reminiscence—it’s realistic, even critical.
• ❌ Seize the day – Could attract students who only recognize the phrase “Carpe diem.” They may not stop to check whether it matches the passage’s theme.

Many wrong answers come from:

1. Skimming (mixing up “school in Jane Eyre” with “children like in Jane Eyre”).
2. Assuming from background knowledge (old school → broken toilets).
3. Personal projection (students dislike strict teachers → “they must dislike Mr Ware”).
4. Not spotting the root cause (focusing on surface events like the fight).

Let’s break down each multiple-choice question in this comprehension task, showing why the ✅ marked option is correct, why the distractors are wrong, and where the reference can be found in the core text.

9.1 What is Aspirin an instance of?

• ✅ A drug with a similar component found in nature
  • Reference: “For centuries, people chewed willow tree bark to relieve pain… patented its modified version as Aspirin. Aspirin is just one example of a medicine derived from natural sources.”
  • The active compound was first in willow bark → modified into Aspirin.
• ❌ A pill whose ingredient is harvested from a tree → Too literal. Aspirin is no longer harvested directly but synthesized in labs.
• ❌ A pain-killer widely growing around the world → Misleading. The tree grows, not Aspirin.

9.2 Why are nature’s medical resources underused?

• ✅ They are too laborious
  • Reference: “Identifying, isolating and testing molecules from nature is complex and more time-consuming than synthesizing new compounds in a lab.”
  • The problem = difficulty and slowness.
• ❌ They are too dangerous → No mention of danger.
• ❌ They are too unpredictable → Not about unpredictability, but effort required.

9.3 How is AI helping drug production?

• ✅ It puts together data from all over the world
  • Reference: “Enveda tapped all of the world’s digital information about how humans across cultures have used plants…”
  • AI combines global traditional knowledge → patterns.
• ❌ It suggests novel uses for old medicines → No: it looks for plants with new potential, not repurposing old drugs.
• ❌ It analyses singular molecules rapidly → Wrong: text stresses entire samples via AI’s “chemical language,” not single molecules.

9.4 Why are new investors important for Enveda?

• ✅ They allow long-term planning
  • Reference: “The extension round allows Enveda to add strategic partners… to facilitate designing projects over an extended period.”
• ❌ They draw in yet more investors → Not stated. Series C comes later, but that’s not the point here.
• ❌ They are needed in developing AI → Misread. AI is already functioning.

9.5 What is Viswa Colluru’s conclusion?

• ✅ There are opportunities waiting to be discovered
  • Reference: “The natural world is so rich in its chemical diversity and biological effects… studying just 100 plants is enough to give so many potential drugs that we don’t know what to do with them.”
  • → Colluru emphasizes vast, untapped potential.
• ❌ It is worth starting to develop neurological medicines → This refers to Pangea Bio, not Colluru.
• ❌ It is wise to concentrate on some key plant species → Opposite of his view: he stresses the immense diversity available.

✅ Summary:
Each correct answer is directly anchored in a sentence or phrase from the text, while the wrong options reflect plausible but misleading inferences (too literal, too narrow, or focusing on details that apply elsewhere).

Here’s a student-friendly “wrong answer traps” list for the AI and Drugs comprehension task. This shows how each distractor might trick someone, why it’s wrong, and what to look out for.

9.1 What is Aspirin an instance of?

• ✅ A drug with a similar component found in nature → correct, willow bark → Aspirin.
• ❌ A pill whose ingredient is harvested from a tree → Trap: sounds logical (since willow bark is mentioned), but the text says scientists isolated and modified the compound → not directly harvested.
• ❌ A pain-killer widely growing around the world → Trap: confuses the tree with the drug. Aspirin doesn’t “grow.”

Look out for: wording that mixes up the plant source with the final medicine.

9.2 Why are nature’s medical resources underused?

• ✅ They are too laborious → correct, text says complex and time-consuming.
• ❌ They are too dangerous → Trap: many students assume “natural chemicals” = dangerous, but the text never says this.
• ❌ They are too unpredictable → Trap: vague, sounds like “complicated,” but the real issue is time and effort, not randomness.

Look out for: answers that sound scientific but aren’t actually in the text.

9.3 How is AI helping drug production?

• ✅ It puts together data from all over the world → correct, global cultural knowledge combined.
• ❌ It suggests novel uses for old medicines → Trap: close but misleading → AI doesn’t recycle old medicines; it looks for new ones.
• ❌ It analyses singular molecules rapidly → Trap: some students latch onto “molecules,” but text stresses the opposite: whole samples, chemical language.

Look out for: options that twist a detail into something too narrow.

9.4 Why are new investors important for Enveda?

• ✅ They allow long-term planning → correct, strategic partners for extended projects.
• ❌ They draw in yet more investors → Trap: seems logical (“money attracts money”), but the text doesn’t say it.
• ❌ They are needed in developing AI → Trap: mixes up cause and effect → AI already exists; investors are for projects.

Look out for: assumptions about money = growth, unless the text says so directly.

9.5 What is Viswa Colluru’s conclusion?

• ✅ There are opportunities waiting to be discovered → correct, natural world = rich chemical diversity.
• ❌ It is worth starting to develop neurological medicines → Trap: sneaky! But that was Pangea Bio, not Colluru.
• ❌ It is wise to concentrate on some key plant species → Trap: the opposite of the text. Colluru stresses diversity, not focus.

Look out for: details about other companies in the text → don’t confuse them with the main speaker.

✨ Quick student tip:
When stuck, always ask:

Does the wording flip or oversimplify what the text actually said?

Can I point to the exact sentence that supports this answer?

Is this detail about the right person/company?

Palataan tähän, kunhan lopullinen HVP on julkaistu. 🙂

Palataan tähän, kunhan lopullinen HVP on julkaistu. 🙂

Let’s carefully analyse this dragons gap-fill task. We’ll go through each numbered gap, explain why the model answer is best, why the other choices don’t fit, and point to the supporting line(s) in the core text.

1. Travel to any part of the world and …

✅ Model answer: it’s hard not to find dragons lurking on their mythological folklore

• Why best: The text immediately continues: “The ancient legends of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas all feature…” → meaning dragons appear everywhere.
• ❌ “it becomes clear why only some cultures had stories about dragons” contradicts the universality in the next sentence.
• ❌ “you’ll discover why the popularity of dragons is so hard to understand” doesn’t fit, because the text stresses how common they are, not that they’re puzzling.

📖 Reference: “The ancient legends of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas all feature …”

2. … why have a significant number of civilizations independently conjured up the myth of the dragon …

✅ Model answer: despite it never existing in reality

• Why best: This highlights the paradox: many cultures invented the same myth, yet dragons are not real.
• ❌ “but then slowly forgotten about it” doesn’t work — the myth persists.
• ❌ “when they had many other interests” is irrelevant and doesn’t match the logical contrast.

📖 Reference: “… civilizations independently conjured up the myth of the dragon …”

3. Firstly, …

✅ Model answer: it is a bit reductive to assume that all dragons are the same

• Why best: The text goes on to describe European vs. East Asian vs. Mesoamerican dragons → showing diversity.
• ❌ “the way the dragons look has changed considerably over time” → too narrow; the point is cultural difference, not historical change.
• ❌ “we need to accept that dragons are works of collective imagination” → off-topic, doesn’t prepare for description of their different forms.

📖 Reference: “Even within depictions of European dragons though, there’s a wealth of diversity.”

4. Mesoamerican culture has a god called Quetzalcóatl … This dragon-like deity …

✅ Model answer: played a prominent role in their spiritual beliefs

• Why best: The text says: “… was thought to have played a fundamental role in the creation of humankind.” That is central in spiritual belief.
• ❌ “had a very similar role to the European dragons” is wrong; roles were different (not destructive but creative).
• ❌ “entered quite late into the local religious thought” has no basis in the text.

📖 Reference: “… thought to have played a fundamental role in the creation of humankind.”

5. … the similarities between the mythological monsters are remarkable when you consider …

✅ Model answer: that these cultures were geographically separated

• Why best: The key idea: cultures far apart still came up with similar dragon myths.
• ❌ “how early these cultures had created their myths” is not the focus.
• ❌ “the number of gods these cultures worshipped” irrelevant to dragon myths.

📖 Reference: “… experienced very little cultural exchange at the time of myth-making.”

6. … ancient people imagined mythical creatures …

✅ Model answer: after misinterpreting the fossils of extinct creatures

• Why best: The text: “… not hard to imagine discovering the prehistoric remains … and believing it belonged to a terrifying dragon-like beast.”
• ❌ “due to influence of legends from other cultures” is ruled out because earlier it said little cultural exchange.
• ❌ “which had died out at some point in the past” is too vague and doesn’t link to fossils.

📖 Reference: “… discovering the prehistoric remains of a Tyrannosaurus rex …”

7. … myths about dragons are so common because we’ve evolved to develop …

✅ Model answer: a mental imprint of dangerous predators

• Why best: Matches the explanation that dragons combine traits of feared animals.
• ❌ “an idea based mostly on extinct animals” too narrow; doesn’t reflect the innate fear argument.
• ❌ “a preference to depict mythical, imaginary animals” is circular, doesn’t explain evolution.

📖 Reference: “… motifs that our early ancestors learned to innately fear in wild animals.”

8. This primal instinct … an archetypal creature that fuses …

✅ Model answer: resulted in our imaginations creating

• Why best: Logical link: instinct → imagination → myth.
• ❌ “was mixed with religion to produce” doesn’t appear in text.
• ❌ “became an obstacle for developing” nonsensical in this context.

📖 Reference: “… an archetypal creature that fuses all of the most ferocious features …”

9. Whatever the reason …

✅ Model answer: dragons clearly have a hold on us

• Why best: The conclusion stresses that dragons remain popular in modern fiction.
• ❌ “its origins remain mysterious” is partly true but doesn’t tie to the persistence theme.
• ❌ “it continues to be hotly debated” too academic; doesn’t capture the fascination tone.

📖 Reference: “… continue to be an object of fascination, featuring in … The Hobbit, Harry Potter, Game of Thrones …”

✅ In short: In each case, the model answer fits both the logic of the passage and the exact words/ideas in the text, while the other options either contradict the text, are too vague, or address the wrong theme.

Exam Strategy Sheet: Dragons Gap-Fill

1. Travel to any part of the world and …

✅ it’s hard not to find dragons lurking on their mythological folklore
📖 “… Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas all feature …”
Why best: Dragons appear everywhere.
Tip: If the next sentence lists many examples, choose the option that shows universality.

2. … why have civilizations independently conjured up the myth of the dragon …

✅ despite it never existing in reality
📖 “… independently conjured up the myth …”
Why best: The paradox = many myths, but no real dragon.
Tip: Look for contrasts with “myth” or “never existed.”

3. Firstly, …

✅ it is a bit reductive to assume that all dragons are the same
📖 “Even within depictions of European dragons … a wealth of diversity.”
Why best: Prepares for description of dragon differences.
Tip: Choose an option that introduces variety.

4. This dragon-like deity …

✅ played a prominent role in their spiritual beliefs
📖 “… fundamental role in the creation of humankind.”
Why best: Central to religion, not destructive like European dragons.
Tip: When text mentions creation/humankind, think spiritual importance.

5. … similarities are remarkable when you consider …

✅ that these cultures were geographically separated
📖 “… very little cultural exchange at the time …”
Why best: The big point = far apart but same myth.
Tip: Spot references to distance or lack of contact.

6. Ancient people imagined creatures …

✅ after misinterpreting the fossils of extinct creatures
📖 “… discovering the remains of a Tyrannosaurus rex …”
Why best: Fossils → imagined dragons.
Tip: When fossils or bones appear, think “misinterpretation.”

7. … myths are so common because we’ve evolved to develop …

✅ a mental imprint of dangerous predators
📖 “… motifs our ancestors learned to innately fear …”
Why best: Innate fear → mental imprint.
Tip: Evolution usually = instincts or survival reactions.

8. This primal instinct …

✅ resulted in our imaginations creating
📖 “… an archetypal creature that fuses …”
Why best: Instinct → imagination → dragon myth.
Tip: If cause–effect structure, look for result words (resulted in).

9. Whatever the reason …

✅ dragons clearly have a hold on us
📖 “… continue to be an object of fascination … Harry Potter, Game of Thrones …”
Why best: Shows ongoing fascination, not mystery or debate.
Tip: If the final lines list modern examples, choose the “lasting influence” option.

✅ Overall Strategy:

1. Read before & after the gap.
2. Look for contrast, cause-effect, or examples.
3. Eliminate answers that contradict the text or feel too vague.

Let’s analyze each multiple-choice question in detail and explain why the correct option marked with an (X) is the best choice. I will also point out the part(s) of the source text where the correct answers can be located.

9.1 Who is likely to benefit most from the text?

Correct answer (X): Those who educate professional musicians
Other options:

• Those who find new talents for recording companies
• Those who go to concerts to enjoy good music

✅ Why (X) is correct:

The opening paragraph clearly states the text’s intended audience and purpose:

“This paper clarifies the role of conductor in American orchestras. It seeks to answer: what do they do and what type of person would make an effective music director? What follows can serve as a set of criteria for identifying, selecting, and training conductors.”

This shows that the primary goal of the text is to support those involved in education and professional development—especially those training or evaluating conductors. That clearly points to “those who educate professional musicians”.

❌ Why the others are incorrect:

• Finding talents for recording companies isn’t mentioned at all.
• Concertgoers are not the target of the detailed, technical discussion of conductor evaluation and training.

9.2 What best describes the skills that are required from successful conductors?

Correct answer (X): They need a variety of skills
Other options:

• They need intellectual skills
• They need interpersonal skills

✅ Why (X) is correct:

The second paragraph gives a broad overview:

“Passion, intellect, insight, musical talent, and charisma all come into play.”

This is a clear listing of multiple skill types—emotional, intellectual, musical, and interpersonal—indicating that conductors need a wide range of skills.

❌ Why the others are incorrect:

• While intellectual skills and interpersonal skills are indeed part of the list, each is only one component. Choosing one of them over the full range would be incomplete.

9.3 Why are the reviews of conductors sometimes based on shallow criteria?

Correct answer (X): People can have justifiably different opinions about quality in music
Other options:

• There is too much mystery attached to the work of a conductor
• Their performance with different orchestras can change over time

✅ Why (X) is correct:

This part of the third paragraph directly supports the answer:

“There is no ‘correct’ way to perform a given work of art; honest and vigorous differences of opinion are possible… This situation increases the likelihood that conductors may be evaluated by superficial criteria…”

So, because artistic evaluation is subjective, shallow criteria may fill the gap, making (X) the best choice.

❌ Why the others are incorrect:

• Mystery around conductors is mentioned later as contributing to their mystique, but not as the primary reason for superficial reviews.
• Changing performance over time is acknowledged, but again, it’s not linked as directly to the shallow evaluations as the subjectivity of artistic opinion is.

Summary Table

10.1 Miksi Stranger Things -sarjan viimeisimmällä jaksolla on niin vähän katsojia? Vastaa suomeksi. 

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys

Sitä esitetään teatterissa. / Sitä ei näytetä TV:ssä/suoratoistona. (3/0 p.)

OK: Sitä ei näytetä Netflixissä. / Sitä ei striimata vaan se esitetään livenä lavalla Lontoossa. / Se on katsottavissa vain teatterissa. / Sitä/se on esitetty vain teatterissa. (perfekti ok, viittaa suomessakin edelleen jatkuvaan toimintaan)

EI: Jakso näyteltiin/esitettiin näyttämöllä Lontoossa. (imperfekti viittaa päättyneeseen toimintaan. Tekstissä on kestopreesens.) / Sitä esitetään näyttämöllä Lontoon länsiosassa/länsipäädyssä / länsi-Lontoossa. / Sitä esitetään vain London’s West Endissä. (London pitää osata suomentaa).

10.2 Why do studios expand their activities outside cinema and TV?

✅ (X) They believe audiences want new experiences
❌ Other options:

• They want to introduce various forms of art
• They come up with new stories that best fit the stage

🔍 Evidence in the text:

“Hollywood’s turn on the stage is part of a broader shift by the movie business towards live experiences. As attendance at the cinema declines, studios are finding new ways to excite—and monetise—their fans outside their homes.”

Also:

“There’s this insatiable appetite from those mega-fans… They want more. They’ll eat up anything you serve them.”

These lines clearly show that studios are responding to audience demand for immersive and exciting experiences, not trying to introduce high art or write new stories specifically for the stage.

✅ Why (X) is best:

It directly reflects the studios’ response to audience desire for new experiences.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Introducing various forms of art is never mentioned as a goal.
• Coming up with new stories that fit the stage misrepresents the fact that these are often existing franchises, not newly crafted narratives for theatre.

10.3 What was the entertainment business like in the 1950s compared to today?

✅ (X) It had the same basic elements
❌ Other options:

• Competition was less fierce
• Television paved the way for films

🔍 Evidence in the text:

“It is a new take on an old playbook. In the 1950s Walt Disney drew a diagram of the mutually reinforcing pillars of his business…”

This describes a system that’s similar in structure to today’s model—movies, merchandise, parks, spin-offs—just updated for today’s environment.

✅ Why (X) is best:

The idea is that the core strategy remains, only the execution has modernized. So the basic elements are the same.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Competition isn’t discussed.
• TV paving the way for films is the opposite of the described loop: films promoted spin-offs, not the other way around.

10.4 What do “lightsabres” refer to in the text?

✅ (X) Various commodities connected to films
❌ Other options:

• Technical effects used to amaze the audience
• The constant need to come up with novelties

🔍 Evidence in the text:

“The entertainment industry’s turbulent digital transition has left Hollywood more reliant than ever on rollercoasters and plastic lightsabres.”

This places lightsabres alongside physical entertainment commodities, like rides and merchandise—not as film techniques or abstract ideas.

✅ Why (X) is best:

The “plastic lightsabres” are a type of merchandise, sold to fans and linked to films (e.g. Star Wars).

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Technical effects would refer to on-screen visuals, not toys.
• Constant need for novelty is a more general issue and not what “lightsabres” specifically refer to here.

10.5 How did cinema-going in the USA develop before the pandemic?

✅ (X) It was showing a downward trend
❌ Other options:

• It was growing slowly but steadily
• It was in a rather stagnant state

🔍 Evidence in the text:

“…even before Covid the average American was going to the movies three and a half times a year, down from five in 2000.”

This clearly indicates a declining trend.

✅ Why (X) is best:

There’s a statistical decline in movie-going habits, which is what a “downward trend” means.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Growing slowly is incorrect; the numbers are falling, not increasing.
• Stagnant would imply no change—this data shows clear decline.

✅ Summary Table:

10.6 Mikä Disneylle on tärkeää teemapuistoissa? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 50 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Tuotto/voitto. (3/0 p.)

OK: Mahdollisimman suuren rahasumman tienaaminen. / Että hinnoista jää hyvin käteen. / Ne ovat yksi tärkeimmistä tulonlähteistä.

EI TUO EI VIE: Teemapuistot lisäävät myös muiden asioiden myyntiä.

EI: Niiden kävijät ja tuottoisuus. / Puistojen liikevaihto. / Lippujen hintojen on oltava kalliita. / Ne ovat päätulonlähde / tärkein rahanlähde. / Ne tuottavat paremmin kuin elokuvien striimaus. (totta, mutta ei tekstin mukaan tärkeää Disneylle) / Ohjelmien mainostaminen ja tuotto. / Uusien asiakkaiden houkuttelu ja voitto.

10.7 Minkä hyödyn kirjoittaja näkee yhtiöiden toiminnassa? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Ihmisten pitää lähteä kotoa / tavata muita ihmisiä. (3/0 p.)

OK: Saa ihmiset lähtemään ulos sohvaltansa. / Katsojat lähtevät katsomaan live-esityksiä/tapahtumia. / Ihmisillä on enemmän syitä olla toistensa kanssa. / Kannustaa katsojia käymään ulkona.

EI TUO EI VIE: Saa ihmiset ylös sohvalta. (puuttuu kotoa lähteminen) / Toiminta vähentää ihmisten tv:n äärellä viettämää aikaa. (ei käy kotoa lähteminen ilmi)./ Lopputavoite on silti saada heidät yhä enemmän tv:n äärelle (tekstin mukainen mutta ei vastaa kysymykseen)

EI: Ihmiset lähtevät pitämään hauskaa kavereidensa/läheistensä kanssa. / Se saa ihmiset viettämään enemmän aikaa muiden kanssa television äärellä. / Ihmiset liikkuvat enemmän. (epämääräinen)

Let’s analyze each multiple-choice question in the national English finals Beatles reading task. We’ll:

• Explain why the marked (X) answer is the best.
• Show why the other alternatives are incorrect.
• Indicate where in the source text the correct answer is supported.

11.1 Why is it erroneous to call “Now and Then” the first new Beatles song in 50 years?

✅ (X) There were some new songs in the nineties
❌ Other options:

• Parts of it were recorded in the eighties
• It had come out already in the seventies

🔍 Text reference:

“Yes, it is a ‘new’ Beatles song in that all four members… play and sing on a previously unreleased composition. ‘Now and Then’ has a similar provenance to ‘Free as a Bird’ and ‘Real Love,’ the other two ‘new’ Beatles songs to have been released since 1970…”

These two songs were released in the 1990s (“1995 and ’96”), so “Now and Then” is not the first new song since 1970.

✅ Why (X) is correct:

It directly refers to other new Beatles songs released in the 1990s, making the 50-year claim false.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Parts recorded in the eighties – False; the demos were from the late 1970s.
• Released in the seventies – False; “Now and Then” was unreleased until recently.

11.2 Why was the song released only now?

✅ (X) Lennon’s singing was muffled in the demo
❌ Other options:

• Lennon’s original playing was insufficient
• Lennon’s wife had first misplaced the demo

🔍 Text reference:

“…they were unable to finish it satisfactorily due to Lennon’s piano drowning out his voice in places on the demo. However, with the use of AI technology, it was possible to isolate Lennon’s vocals.”

So the reason it wasn’t released earlier was technical—his singing was hard to hear over the piano.

✅ Why (X) is correct:

The piano muffling his voice made the demo hard to use until AI could isolate the vocals.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Playing was insufficient – No, it was too loud, not lacking.
• Yoko Ono misplaced the tape – Completely unsupported; she provided the demos in 1994.

11.3 What is the writer’s conclusion regarding the song?

✅ (X) The Beatles’ individual careers outperform it
❌ Other options:

• There will be more new releases in the future
• The end result is disappointing for the fans

🔍 Text reference:

“So that’s the how and why; the real — unfair — question is whether the song comes close to measuring up to the Beatles or their collective solo works’ towering legacy. Of course it doesn’t, but it’s still an unexpected pleasure…”

This shows the author feels the song falls short of the Beatles’ solo or group legacy, but is still worthwhile.

✅ Why (X) is correct:

It acknowledges the song doesn’t match the standard of the Beatles’ past work but still appreciates it.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• More releases coming – The text calls this the finale and “last bit of unfinished business.”
• Disappointing for fans – The author calls it an “unexpected pleasure,” not a disappointment.

11.4 What could be an alternative title for the text?

✅ (X) Better late than never
❌ Other options:

• Good things come to those who wait
• Many hands make light work

🔍 Text reference:

“…this ‘new’ Beatles song was recorded in three separate segments, across 45-odd years.”
“…it’s still an unexpected pleasure that marks the completion of the group’s last bit of unfinished business.”

The tone is one of bittersweet closure—even though it’s late, it’s still welcome.

✅ Why (X) is correct:

“Better late than never” fits the tone and timing of the song’s release perfectly.

❌ Why others are wrong:

• Good things come to those who wait – Overly optimistic; the author says it doesn’t measure up.
• Many hands make light work – Not relevant; the focus isn’t on teamwork but the passage of time and technology enabling completion.

✅ Summary Table

Here’s a full analysis of the multiple-choice cloze test on the topic of snowshoes from the Finnish national English finals for 18-year-old students. For each question, I’ll explain why the (X)-marked option is the best, why the other two are inferior, and where the correct answer is justified in the text.

1. “it turns out…”:

Correct: (X) the history of snowshoeing is somewhat mysterious
Reference in the text:

“The archeological record is slim when it comes to the origin of snowshoes…”
“…put something of a wrench in the gears of the generally accepted theory.”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) “The history of snowshoeing is somewhat mysterious” is the best fit because the text begins by saying that the archaeological evidence is limited and new findings have complicated previous theories.
• ❌ “The invention… is a recent phenomenon” is incorrect — the invention dates back to 4000 BCE, so it’s ancient.
• ❌ “The development… is quite well known” contradicts the statement about limited archaeological records and conflicting theories.

2. “As these humans dispersed…”

Correct: (X) As these humans dispersed around the globe
Reference in the text:

“…the practice… began in Central Asia. As these humans dispersed around the globe, these ‘shoes’ evolved…”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) logically connects the migration of people from Central Asia to the adaptation of snowshoes.
• ❌ “Because of increasing amounts of snow” isn’t mentioned — snow levels aren’t the focus.
• ❌ “Despite the overpopulation…” introduces an irrelevant idea not referenced in the text.

3. “As tribes formed…”:

Correct: (X) each modified the snowshoe to fit the needs of their environment
Reference in the text:

“The Cree created the longest snowshoe… for hunting across large plains. The Iroquois… narrower, shorter shoes… for maneuverability…”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) shows how snowshoe design adapted to environmental needs — open plains vs. forests.
• ❌ “Local circumstances dictated… materials” is too narrow — the text emphasizes design, not just materials.
• ❌ “The climate… determined if snowshoes were needed” is vague and doesn’t explain the design differences.

4. “Is it possible that snowshoes…”:

Correct: (X) It is possible
Reference in the text:

“Is it possible…? It is possible, but… we do not have enough evidence…”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) is a direct repetition from the original text.
• ❌ “It is almost certain” contradicts the admission of lacking evidence.
• ❌ “It is understandable” doesn’t answer the yes/no question.

5. “we do know plenty about…”:

Correct: (X) Despite having limited insight into the origins of snowshoes
Reference in the text:

“Despite having limited insight into the origins of snowshoes, we do know plenty about their more recent history…”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) is taken verbatim from the passage and clearly contrasts early uncertainty with recent clarity.
• ❌ “By comparing…” doesn’t relate to how we know their recent history.
• ❌ “Thanks to… evidence” contradicts the earlier idea that evidence is limited, not “considerable”.

6. “The use of snowshoes…”:

Correct: (X) outside of the strictly practical is likely not a new phenomenon
Reference in the text:

“Many Native American tribes used the shoes in dances and likely for sport as well…”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) reflects that cultural and recreational uses aren’t recent inventions — they likely go way back.
• ❌ “Seems to have changed over time…” implies transformation, not continuity.
• ❌ “Was more common among…” falsely suggests a comparative claim not supported in the passage.

7. “until 1945, track athletes would use snowshoes…”:

Correct: (X) if they didn’t have access to quality indoor training venues
Reference in the text:

“…until 1945, track athletes would use snowshoes to train during winter if they didn’t have access to quality indoor training venues.”

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) matches the original sentence.
• ❌ “As they wanted to help improve…” is unrelated to the reason given.
• ❌ “Since the clubs provided…” is not mentioned and irrelevant to track athletes.

8. “wood frame replaced with aluminum…”:

Correct: (X) This shoe was lighter and more durable
Reference in the text:

“This shoe was lighter and more durable.” (Immediately follows the previous sentence)

Explanation:

• ✅ (X) is quoted directly.
• ❌ “Criticized by many old-timers” introduces a new opinion not found in the text.
• ❌ “Caused some maintenance challenges” contradicts the idea that maintenance became easier.

🧾 Summary Table

Here is an in-depth analysis of the reading comprehension task from the Finnish national English finals (task 13: In a Car). Each question is discussed below, showing why the (X)-marked answer is the best choice, why the other alternatives are inferior or incorrect, and where the supporting evidence appears in the core text.

📘 Text Recap (Key lines highlighted):

“Troy Delaney watched the streets of his childhood glide by from the passenger seat of his brother’s car: lush lawns, sharp-edged hedges, ivy-covered brick walls. A postman on a bike slid a single letter into an ornate green letterbox, a dog-walker sauntered after three little designer dogs, a young mother pushed a double stroller. There was nothing wrong with any of it. There was nothing to complain about. It was all perfectly nice. It was just that the unrelenting niceness made him feel like he was being lovingly suffocated with a duvet.”

13.1 What is the environment like?

Correct: (X) Tranquil
Other options: Chaotic / Vibrant
Evidence in the text:

“lush lawns, sharp-edged hedges, ivy-covered brick walls… sauntered… glided… perfectly nice…”

✅ Why “Tranquil” is correct:

• The text paints a picture of a calm, neat, slow-paced environment.
• Words like “glide,” “lush,” “sauntered,” “niceness,” and “perfectly nice” all contribute to a peaceful, orderly, quiet tone.
• There is no urgency, no loudness, no action-packed movement.

❌ Why the others are incorrect:

• Chaotic: No signs of disorder, rush, or noise are present. Everything is precisely the opposite—orderly and calm.
• Vibrant: The scene lacks color, energy, or liveliness. The mood is muted, not dynamic or full of life.

13.2 How does Troy feel?

Correct: (X) Uneasy
Other options: Nostalgic / Disgusted
Evidence in the text:

“There was nothing to complain about. It was all perfectly nice. It was just that the unrelenting niceness made him feel like he was being lovingly suffocated with a duvet.”

✅ Why “Uneasy” is correct:

• Troy is disturbed by the niceness, even though he recognizes there’s “nothing wrong.”
• The key simile — “being lovingly suffocated with a duvet” — expresses a paradox: something soft and comforting (duvet, love) becomes overwhelming and stifling.
• This contradiction suggests a feeling of discomfort, tension, or claustrophobia, i.e., unease.

❌ Why the others are incorrect:

• Nostalgic: Although he’s watching “the streets of his childhood,” there’s no warmth, fondness, or longing. His reaction is discomfort, not reminiscence.
• Disgusted: His tone is not harsh or repulsed. He acknowledges the place is nice, but it’s the niceness that creates emotional tension — not revulsion.

🧾 Summary Table

Here’s a detailed analysis of the multiple choice questions (task 14: Worm’s Head) from the Finnish national English finals, designed for 18-year-old students with 10 years of English study. We’ll explore why the (X)-marked answers are correct, why the other alternatives are incorrect, and indicate where in the text the correct information appears.

📘 TEXT SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS

Worm’s Head is a tidal island at the westernmost point of the Gower Peninsula, connected by a causeway. It consists of carboniferous limestone (resistant to erosion), with multiple sections: Inner Head, Lower Neck, Middle Head (with Devil’s Bridge), and Outer Head. The Outer Head is the highest part. A promontory leads up to the island — it’s flat and sloping on one side.

### ✅ 14.1 What is the relationship of Worm’s Head to Gower Peninsula?

Correct: (X) It is an outlying part of the peninsula
Other options:

• It has always been separate from the peninsula
• It used to be attached to the peninsula

🔍 Evidence from text:

“Worm’s Head is a narrow, tidal island, joined by a causeway to a promontory on the south side of Rhossili Bay, and it forms the westernmost point of the Gower Peninsula.”

💬 Why it’s correct:

• It is joined to the peninsula via a causeway, and is described as the westernmost point of the peninsula — so it is part of it, but located on the edge → “outlying.”
• “Always been separate” is incorrect because it’s connected at low tide via causeway.
• “Used to be attached” is misleading — the text doesn’t say it was more connected in the past.

✅ 14.2 Why has part of Worm’s Head resisted erosion?

Correct: (X) Some parts contain plenty of coal
(Note: This seems factually misleading — it’s really about limestone, not coal. However, the question likely means to point to the carboniferous composition.)

Other options:

• It has been sheltered from the wind
• It consists of several layers of rocks

🔍 Evidence from text:

“…the headland is formed of relatively resistant carboniferous limestone… the intermediate rocks… are softer Old Red Sandstone and hence these have eroded more quickly…”

💬 Why it’s correct:

• The correct answer likely hinges on the word “carboniferous” (a geological period known for coal formation), though the text itself talks about limestone, not coal directly.
• “Carboniferous limestone” is more resistant to erosion, which is the intended meaning — even if “coal” is a slight factual stretch.
• “Sheltered from wind” and “several layers of rocks” are not mentioned or implied.

📝 Note for teaching: This question might confuse students who associate “carboniferous” with coal but not limestone. Still, the correct answer links to resistance through geological content.

✅ 14.3 Which best describes the promontory?

Correct: (X) It has an even landscape
Other options:

• You need a boat to reach it
• Mythological creatures lived there

🔍 Evidence from text:

“The promontory is a flat-topped area about 175 feet above the sea…”

💬 Why it’s correct:

• “Flat-topped” means it has a relatively even surface → even landscape.
• You don’t need a boat to reach the promontory — only possibly to the island at high tide.
• “Mythological creatures” — the only mention is that the name “wyrm” comes from an old word for dragon, but no claim is made that such creatures lived there.

✅ 14.4 Which of the following claims is true?

Correct: (X) The Outer Head rises above the Inner Head
Other options:

• Devil’s Bridge connects the Inner Head and Lower Neck
• The Middle Head is bigger than the Outer Head

🔍 Evidence from text:

“The most distant section of the island, the Outer Head, is also the highest…”
“The nearest and largest is the Inner Head…”
“…connected… to the much smaller Lower Neck, which adjoins the Middle Head. These two are separated by Devil’s Bridge…”

💬 Why it’s correct:

• Outer Head is the highest → rises above Inner Head.
• Devil’s Bridge is between Middle Head and Lower Neck, not Inner Head.
• Middle Head is not described as larger than Outer Head — no size comparison is made; only that Inner Head is the largest.

🧾 SUMMARY TABLE

14.5 Milloin Worm’s Headistä saa otettua parhaat valokuvat? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 50 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Laskuveden aikaan. / Kun nousuvesi alkaa vetäytyä. (3/0 p.)

OK: Kun vuorovesi laskee/vetäytyy

EI TUO EI VIE: Kun tulee vuorovesi. (voi olla myös nousuvesi) / Kun vesi on matalalla. (ei välttämättä viittaa laskuveteen) / Kun vesi on laskenut. (ei välttämättä viittaa laskuveteen) / Kun veden pinta on laskenut. (ei välttämättä viittaa laskuveteen)

8.A Lily

Lily is watering Marcus’s plants, which are lined up in rows along the kitchen shelves. She knows they probably aren’t his at all, but is choosing to call them Marcus’s plants all the same. She found a little sharp-snouted watering-can at the back of the cupboard behind the cloths, old newspapers and cleaning-fluid bottles, and every few days she gets it out and drips water into the dried-out soil.

She is standing at the sink, the CD-player turned up loud, refilling the watering-can when, suddenly and without warning, the flat is plunged into darkness and silence. Lily freezes, her hands under the tumbling water of the tap. It’s as if she has fallen down a hole.

Source: Maggie O’Farrell. My Lover’s Lover. Tinder Press. p. 111. 2020 (first published 2002). Adaptation: YTL.

8.1 What is Lily holding in her hand? 3 p (Musta ohutnokkainen kastelukannu.)

8.2 What takes place in the extract? 3 p.

An electric shock

A solar eclipse

A power outage

********************

Analysis of the Alternatives in 8.2

The task requires students to determine what happens in the passage based on context clues. Let’s analyse each alternative:

• A power outage (Correct Answer)
  • The phrase “the flat is plunged into darkness and silence” strongly suggests that all sources of light and sound (e.g., electricity) have suddenly stopped working. This description matches a power outage.
  • The fact that the CD player stops playing also supports this interpretation, as it would turn off if electricity was lost.
• An electric shock (Incorrect)
  • There is no mention of Lily feeling pain, numbness, or any reaction that would indicate she was electrocuted.
  • If she had received an electric shock, the description would likely include sensations like tingling, pain, or physical movement (e.g., jerking away).
• A solar eclipse (Incorrect)
  • A solar eclipse would darken the natural light outside, but it would not cause the CD player to stop playing.
  • The passage describes the flat suddenly becoming dark and silent, which suggests an internal cause (loss of electricity) rather than an external one (like an eclipse).

Conclusion

The correct answer (a power outage) was the best choice because the loss of light and sound is described as sudden and complete, which aligns with a blackout rather than the other two alternatives. This task required students to infer meaning from the text rather than relying on explicit statements, making it a solid B2-level reading comprehension question.

9.A  Best Classic Detective Novels Everyone Should Read

Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep.

There’s a funny story about the famous 1946 film adaptation of this 1939 book, one of Chandler’s Philip Marlowe novels. William Faulkner co-wrote the critically acclaimed screenplay, and during the production of the film, Faulkner and his fellow writers wished to seek Chandler’s advice on an unresolved plot detail, so Howard Hawks, the director of the film, sent a telegram to Chandler asking him who killed the chauffeur Owen Taylor in the story. Chandler’s response was brief, even by the standards of the telegram: ‘NO IDEA.’

9.1 Miksi oli erikoista, ettei Raymond Chandler tiennyt, kuka oli surmannut Owen Taylor -nimisen henkilön kirjassa The Big Sleep? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Chandler oli kirjan tekijä (muttei tiennyt, kuka Owen Taylorin oli surmannut). (3/0 p.)

OK: Kirja oli hänen itsensä kirjoittama. / Hän oli itse laatinut/keksinyt juonen/tarinan. / Se oli hänen kirjansa. / Koska elokuva on tehty Chandlerin kirjan perusteella.

EI TUO EI VIE: Hän tiesi kirjan juonen. (puuttuu kirjan kirjoittaminen)

EI: Chandler oli päähenkilö. / Kirjailija ei kirjoittanut loppuratkaisua tarinaansa. / Se oli Chandlerin itsensä kirjoittama novelli. / Chandler oli kirjailija. (epätarkka) / Chandler oli keksinyt kirjan. (epätarkka) / Vain hän tiesi kirjan juonen. / Oli ollut kirjoittamassa kirjaa. (antaa ymmärtää, että muitakin kirjoittajia) / Chandler oli keksinyt murhan.

Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone.

A contemporary observer called Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone (1868) the first and greatest of the detective novels. It wasn’t technically the first – that honour should probably go to Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s The Trail of the Serpent (1860) – but The Moonstone, which focuses on the theft of the titular gemstone, was one of the most popular detective novels of the 19th century. All of the ingredients are there: the country house, the handful of likely suspects, the seeming impossibility of the crime, and the sleuth in search of the answer (Sergeant Cuff, although the actual investigation of the crime is something of a team effort).

9.2 Miksi kirjaa The Moonstone voidaan pitää ensimmäisenä dekkarina? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Se sisälsi (kaikki) dekkarin/genren/lajin tyypilliset piirteet/elementit/sisällöt. / Se sisälsi (monia) dekkarin/genren/kirjallisuuslajin tyypillisiä piirteitä/elementtejä/sisältöjä. (3/0 p.)

OK: Siinä oli hyvän dekkarin ainekset/raaka-aineet. / Siinä oli kaikki mitä genreen kuuluu. / Sisälsi kaiken oleellisen salapoliisiromaaniin. / Kirja täyttää kaikki dekkarin kriteerit/kliseet. / Se on klassinen dekkari.

EI TUO EI VIE: Se oli suosittu/suosituin/tunnettu/kuuluisa/tunnetuin/kuuluisin.

EI: Siihen on liitetty kaikki dekkarin asiat/osat yhteen. (epämääräinen) / Se oli suosituin 1900-luvun/80- luvun romaani, jossa on kaikki dekkarin piirteet. / Siinä on kaikki dekkarin einekset. / Se loi pohjan perinteiselle rikosmysteeri-tarinalle

Michael Innes, Hamlet, Revenge!

Its plot like something out of an episode of Inspector Morse or Lewis, this 1937 classic centres on the murder of a Lord Chancellor of England during a stage production of Shakespeare’s play Hamlet (hence the novel’s title). Innes’s detective, John Appleby, appeared in numerous novels and short stories, but this is probably the finest detective novel Innes wrote.

9.3 Millaisessa tilanteessa kirjassa Hamlet, Revenge! tehty murha tapahtui? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

(Hamlet-)näytelmän/teatteriesityksen/esityksen aikana/kuluessa. / Teatterissa. (3/0 p.)

HUOM! Jos kirjoittaa Shakespearen, se pitää olla oikein. Poikkeus: jos on taivuttanut nimen Shakespearin, se on ok.

OK: Teatterilavalla. / Kesken lavaesiintymisen. / Näytelmän tuotannon aikana. / Hamlet-näytelmän lavatuotannon/lavatuotoksen aikana. / Näyttämötuotannossa. / Hamlet-näytelmän yhteydessä.

EI TUO EI VIE: Lavatuotannon/lavatuotoksen aikana. (epämääräinen)

EI: Kesken Hamlet-romaanin tuottamisen. / Näytelmän kulisseissa. / Näytelmän lavasuunnittelun aikana. / Hamlet-näytelmän tekemisen aikana.

Source: Oliver Tearle. 10 of the Best Classic Detective Novels Everyone Should Read. Interesting Literature. https://interestingliterature.com/2017/06/10-of-the-best-classic-detective-novels-everyone-should-read/. Published: 10.6.2023. Accessed: 20.8.2023. Adaptation: YTL.

9.B  Best Sherlock Holmes Stories Everyone Should Read

The Hound of the Baskervilles

Although Sherlock Holmes featured in over 50 short stories, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle only ever wrote four full-length novels starring the sleuth. The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902) is the most famous of these novels, and was written during the ten-year period when Holmes was effectively killed off by Doyle (he would bring him back from the dead the year later; this novel is sold as an old case Holmes took on before his encounter with Professor Moriarty on Reichenbach Falls). Is there really a giant hound with supernatural properties terrorising people on Dartmoor?

9.4 What was special about the timing of the publication of The Hound of the Baskervilles? 3 p.

The book appeared posthumously after the death of Conan Doyle

Conan Doyle had already killed Sherlock Holmes in a previous book

Conan Doyle had to change its plot to make the book fit the series

• Conan Doyle had already killed Sherlock Holmes in a previous book
  • This is correct because Doyle had “killed off” Holmes in The Final Problem (1893), where Holmes seemingly falls to his death at the Reichenbach Falls. The Hound of the Baskervilles was published in 1902 as a retrospective case (set before Holmes’ supposed death), which made its release unusual.
• The book appeared posthumously after the death of Conan Doyle
  • Incorrect, because Conan Doyle was still alive when the book was published. He died in 1930, nearly three decades later.
• Conan Doyle had to change its plot to make the book fit the series
  • Incorrect, as the book was deliberately written as a standalone past case to avoid contradicting Holmes’ death in The Final Problem. There was no major plot change to fit the series.

*****

A Scandal in Bohemia

“To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler. All emotions, and that one particularly, were abhorrent to his cold, precise but admirably balanced mind …”

This is the short story that launched Sherlock Holmes’s successful ‘career’ in the pages of The Strand in 1891. After the short stories began to appear in The Strand, he became one of the most famous fictional characters in the history of literature.

9.5 According to the extract (in quotation marks) from the novel A Scandal in Bohemia, what were Sherlock Holmes’ feelings towards Irene Adler? 3 p.

He respected her

He loved her

He disliked her

• He respected her
  • The quoted passage states: “To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman.” This implies deep admiration. Holmes does not feel love for Irene Adler, but he acknowledges her intelligence and cunning, which earns his respect.
• He loved her
  • Incorrect, because the passage explicitly states: “It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler.” Holmes, known for his logical and detached nature, does not experience romantic feelings.
• He disliked her
  • Incorrect, because nowhere in the passage does Holmes express dislike for Adler. Instead, she “eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex,” implying admiration rather than negativity.

*****

The Speckled Band

“ ‘He seems a very amiable person,’ said Holmes, laughing. ‘I am not quite so bulky, but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much morefeeble than his own.’ As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and, with a sudden effort, straightened it out again.”

The story is a classic ‘locked room’ mystery in which a woman fears for her life. The case will require Holmes not only to save his client’s life but to solve the mystery of how her sister died two years ago.

9.6 What happens in the extract (in quotation marks) from the novel The Speckled Band? 3 p.

Sherlock Holmes demonstrates his physical strength

Sherlock Holmes investigates an unusual metal object

Sherlock Holmes expresses surprise at the visitor’s exit

• Sherlock Holmes demonstrates his physical strength
  • This is correct because Holmes straightens a steel poker, which requires significant physical force. This action is meant to demonstrate his strength, perhaps as a subtle challenge to the visitor who had just left.
• Sherlock Holmes investigates an unusual metal object
  • Incorrect, because while Holmes manipulates a steel poker, he is not examining it for investigative purposes—he is merely demonstrating his own physical power.
• Sherlock Holmes expresses surprise at the visitor’s exit
  • Incorrect, because there is no mention of surprise in the passage. Instead, Holmes laughs and makes a confident remark, showing amusement rather than astonishment.

Source: Oliver Tearle. 10 of the Best Sherlock Holmes Stories Everyone Should Read. Interesting Literature. https://interestingliterature.com/2017/06/10-of-the-best-sherlock-holmes-stories-everyone-should-read/. Published: 24.11.2020. Accessed: 22.9.2023. Adaptation: YTL.

*****

Final Thoughts

These comprehension questions required careful reading of the provided passages. The correct answers were the best choices because they:

1. Directly matched the meaning and context of the text.
2. Avoided misinterpretations based on assumptions or irrelevant details.
3. Showed an understanding of Sherlock Holmes’ character, his literary history, and his traits as depicted in the passages.

This task required a B2-C1 level of comprehension, as students needed to infer subtle meanings (such as Holmes’ admiration for Adler) and place The Hound of the Baskervilles in its historical literary context.

10. Mapping a Vanished Landscape: Doggerland 30 p.

Read the text and choose the best alternative for each gap in the text.

Evidence of a lost Mesolithic world lies deep beneath the dark waters of the North Sea

By Jason Urbanus

On a September night in 1931, the British fishing vessel Colinda was sailing off the coast of England dragging a net across the sea floor, scooping up everything in its path. As the crew hauled up their net, the boat’s skipper noticed an unusual object among the catch. It was an 8.5-inch-long prehistoric harpoon.

Its discovery would soon 1. alter the field of European prehistory and open the doors to a vast now-submerged landscape hidden beneath the North Sea. After the last Ice Age ended, this became the heartland for European hunter-gatherers before it disappeared under the sea 8,000 years ago. Today, this lost world is known as Doggerland.

10.1

alter the field of European prehistory / lead to more effective fishing nets / help scientists study the Ice Age

“Its discovery would soon alter the field of European prehistory and open the doors to a vast now-submerged landscape hidden beneath the North Sea.”

• alter the field of European prehistory – The discovery of the harpoon provided evidence of an ancient, submerged world, fundamentally changing the understanding of European prehistory.
• lead to more effective fishing nets – This is irrelevant; the focus of the text is on archaeology, not fishing.

• help scientists study the Ice Age – The discovery relates more to the prehistory of Doggerland rather than Ice Age studies in general

*****

The Colinda harpoon was the first tangible piece of evidence suggesting that an extensive landmass had once connected Great Britain to the continent. Since then, many more bone, antler and stone artifacts have been dredged up. Before researchers could determine if and where any archaeological sites might have survived within Doggerland, they had to figure out 2. where its people lived^.. The North Sea basin covers tens of thousands of square miles. Since it was nearly impossible to formulate an accurate idea of what Doggerland’s landscape looked like when the last Ice Age ended, it was challenging to know where to even begin looking.

10.2

where its people lived / where its people had come from / why its people had disappeared

“Before researchers could determine if and where any archaeological sites might have survived within Doggerland, they had to figure out where its people lived.”

• where its people lived – The focus of the research was to locate settlements and evidence of human activity in Doggerland.
• where its people had come from – The text does not address migration origins; it is about where they settled.
• why its people had disappeared – While the disappearance of Doggerland is discussed, the immediate concern is locating archaeological sites.

*****

To try to solve this problem, researchers turned to offshore commercial oil and gas companies which had conducted seismic reflection surveys of the North Sea to locate mineral deposits. These survey data have enabled the researchers to create a map of Doggerland that shows its rivers and coastline as well as many lakes, hills and valleys. Soil and pollen analysis of sediment cores and peat samples has provided further information about 3. the region’s climate, vegetation, and wildlife.

10.3

the region’s climate, vegetation, and wildlife / the location of new oil and gas deposits / the effects of Ice Age in that region

“Soil and pollen analysis of sediment cores and peat samples has provided further information about the region’s climate, vegetation, and wildlife.”

• the region’s climate, vegetation, and wildlife – These are the types of environmental data that can be inferred from sediment and pollen samples.
• the location of new oil and gas deposits – The research is about prehistoric environments, not commercial resource extraction.
• the effects of the Ice Age in that region – The Ice Age is mentioned, but the text is focused on what the environment was like after it ended.

*****

As the glaciers melted, water inundated Doggerland, creating rivers, lakes, and marshes. Trees sprouted, growing into forests of pine and birch, and later, oak, hazel, and elm. In this blossoming landscape, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers arrived and flourished.

Until recently, these peoples 4. have remained something of an enigma. Because Mesolithic societies were mostly nomadic, they left behind very few identifiable archaeological sites. Their material culture consisted largely of small arrowheads and such tools as axes and hammers. However, recent research is beginning to reveal their story in ways that were not previously possible. One step has been a close analysis of the objects they created and used every day.

10.4

have remained something of an enigma / have been considered typical hunter-gatherers / have attracted considerable attention

“Until recently, these peoples have remained something of an enigma.”

• have remained something of an enigma – The text emphasizes that little was known about these people due to their nomadic lifestyle and the lack of archaeological sites.
• have been considered typical hunter-gatherers – While they were hunter-gatherers, the text focuses on their mysterious nature rather than categorizing them as “typical.”
• have attracted considerable attention – There is growing interest in Doggerland, but the text emphasizes their past obscurity rather than public interest.

*****

Researchers are now studying the stone, bone, and antler projectile points to learn which materials were preferred and where they were sourced. 5. They are analyzing how these tools were made and how they evolved over time. The remains of butchered bones suggest how animals were hunted and which species were consumed.

10.5

They are analyzing how these tools were made and how they evolved over time / They are investigating how the hunters migrated when following their game / They are examining how the landscape changed with the changing sea levels

“They are analyzing how these tools were made and how they evolved over time. The remains of butchered bones suggest how animals were hunted and which species were consumed.”

• They are analyzing how these tools were made and how they evolved over time – This aligns with the study of tools, materials, and their development.
• They are investigating how the hunters migrated when following their game – The text does not discuss tracking migration patterns.
• They are examining how the landscape changed with the changing sea levels – The focus here is on tool-making, not environmental change.

*****

Even though there have been tremendous advances in the study of this lost world, one element has remained elusive — 6. evidence of the sites where people lived in Doggerland^.. “We now have a good idea of this landscape,” says one of the archaelogists. “We’ve got the animals and the plants. We have to start looking for the people. We are now at the point of being able to prospect a settlement.”

10.6

evidence of the sites where people lived in Doggerland / information about the kind of food people typically ate / how people were able to manufacture their tools

“Even though there have been tremendous advances in the study of this lost world, one element has remained elusive — evidence of the sites where people lived in Doggerland.”

• evidence of the sites where people lived in Doggerland – The previous paragraph describes knowledge about the landscape, animals, and plants, but emphasizes the lack of direct evidence of settlements.
• information about the kind of food people typically ate – The text already mentions evidence of butchered animal bones, so food is not the missing element.
• how people were able to manufacture their tools – Tool-making is already discussed in a previous section; the missing piece is evidence of settlements.

*****

Doggerland was the most attractive landscape in northwestern Europe for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Because of the seemingly inexhaustible resources present there, normally mobile Mesolithic societies may have 7. been encouraged to create permanent or semi-permanent settlements. If Doggerland was indeed the heartland for these early communities, it stands to reason that many archaeological sites may lie beneath the North Sea. Finding them, though, is no easy task.

10.7

been encouraged to create permanent or semi-permanent settlements / started to trade with people outside their region on a regular basis / been tempted to travel even longer distances when looking for food

“Because of the seemingly inexhaustible resources present there, normally mobile Mesolithic societies may have been encouraged to create permanent or semi-permanent settlements.”

• been encouraged to create permanent or semi-permanent settlements – The availability of resources could have allowed these typically nomadic people to settle in one place.
• started to trade with people outside their region on a regular basis – The text does not discuss trade networks.
• been tempted to travel even longer distances when looking for food – The emphasis is on the opposite idea: that Doggerland provided stability.

*****

Pinpointing an archaeological site amid a North Sea landscape of tens of thousands of square miles is akin to finding the proverbial needle in a haystack—if that haystack were also located deep below the ocean’s surface. 8. But seismic data has now given archaeologists a much better sense of Doggerland’s topography. They know where its rivers, lakes, and coastlines were located, and where its forests were found. They can use this information to speculate about where people may have lived.

10.8

But / Whereas / Therefore

“Pinpointing an archaeological site amid a North Sea landscape of tens of thousands of square miles is akin to finding the proverbial needle in a haystack—if that haystack were also located deep below the ocean’s surface. But, seismic data has now given archaeologists a much better sense of Doggerland’s topography.”

• But – The first sentence describes the difficulty of locating sites, while the second introduces a contrasting positive development. “But” properly signals this contrast.
• Whereas – This is used for direct comparisons, but the sentences are not comparing two equivalent ideas.
• Therefore – This suggests a cause-and-effect relationship, but the second sentence is not a direct consequence of the first.

*****

Recently, the researchers were able to scoop up sediment deposits from a promising site and were stunned to find the material contained a fragment of a stone tool known as a hammerstone. It is the first time that archaeologists have successfully prospected an archaeological site in a deep-sea environment. They have essentially removed layers of hay from the haystack, 9. making the needles easier to find

.

10.9

making the needles easier to find / changing the shape of such layers / creating new haystacks in the process

“They have essentially removed layers of hay from the haystack, making the needles easier to find.”

• making the needles easier to find – The “haystack” metaphor refers to the challenge of finding archaeological evidence; reducing layers simplifies the search.
• changing the shape of such layers – The research does not focus on altering sediment layers, just on identifying key areas.
• creating new haystacks in the process – The goal is to make searching easier, not to complicate it with new obstacles.

*****

In the end, the same forces that transformed Doggerland into the paradise that it was for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers — climate change transformed and melting glaciers — 10. also spelled its demise. When the Ice Age ended and water began to inundate the North Sea basin, it didn’t stop for thousands of years. Over a 3,000-year period, the sea level rose an average of six feet every century. Doggerland was drowning.

Over the past century, the story of Doggerland has captured people’s imaginations, as mythological stories about apocalyptic floods and lost worlds often do. But this story is real. “It’s kind of like an Atlantis,” says one researcher. “It’s a drowned world. You can’t see it anymore, but it’s really close.”

10.10

also spelled its demise / continue to maintain it for millennia / initiated a new cold period

“In the end, the same forces that transformed Doggerland into the paradise that it was for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers — climate change and melting glaciers — also spelled its demise.”

• also spelled its demise – The text explains that the rising sea levels submerged Doggerland, making this the logical conclusion.
• continue to maintain it for millennia – This is incorrect because Doggerland was submerged, not maintained.
• initiated a new cold period – The Ice Age had already ended, and the focus is on warming and rising sea levels, not a new cold period.

*******************

Final Thoughts

The correct answers were the best choices because they:

1. Maintained logical flow and coherence within the passage.
2. Matched the specific focus of each paragraph.
3. Avoided irrelevant or misleading interpretations.

The overall text requires a strong grasp of reading comprehension, inferencing, and vocabulary at a high B2-C1 level, making it a suitable challenge for advanced EFL students.

11. A Trouserless man leads police on high-speed chase

With a police dog latched on to him, a wanted thief wriggled out of his trousers and made a run for it before stealing a patrol car and leading officers on a high-speed chase through the city.

Trouserless and behind the wheel of a dog handler’s car, the thief swerved across the road, before dumping the car and taking off with the handler’s wallet.

The 29-year-old appeared in the Christchurch District Court on Friday, where he was jailed for a raft of charges relating to a three-month theft spree across the city.

The man’s lawyer asked the judge to adjourn the sentencing, as his client had some family issues that needed sorting out.

Source: Emily Moorhouse. Trouserless man Jonty Lye leads police on high-speed chase in stolen patrol car. NZME Holdings Ltd. New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/trouserless-man-jonty-lye-leads-officers-on-highspeed-chase-in-stolen-patrol-car/Y4HCMZDI2BCLDEXZYBW6ZNI7HE/. Published: 11.8.2023. Accessed: 11.8.2023. Adaptation: YTL.

11.1 Kenen auto varastettiin? Vastaa suomeksi

(Koira)poliisin. (3/0 p.)

OK: Poliisikoirapartion. / Poliisikoiran kouluttajan/isännän/huoltajan/hoitajan/käsittelijän/huolehtijan. / Poliisin, jonka mukana oli poliisikoira. / Poliisivoimien koiranohjaajan. / Virkavallan. / Poliisikoirayksikön.

EI TUO EI VIE: Koirankouluttajan. (puuttuu poliisi) / Partioauto. (puuttuu poliisi)

EI: Partiolaisten. / Vartijoiden. / Poliisipäällikön. / Ylikonstaapelin. / Poliisikoirien kuljettajan. / Koiranomistajan. / Poliisilaitoksen pelastajien. / Poliisikoiran omistajan. / Poliisikoirasta huolehtivan viranomaisen. / Poliisikoiran taluttajan.

11.2 Miksi mies joutui vankilaan? Vastaa suomeksi.

(Useista) varkauksista. (3/0 p.)

OK: (Kolmen kuukauden) Varkauskierteen/varkausputken takia. / Varastelusta. / Useista/joistain rikkomuksista, mm. varkauksista.

EI TUO EI VIE: Hän oli (etsintäkuulutettu) varas. (puuttuu useat varkaudet) / Monista eri syytteistä. (puuttuu varkaudet) / Rikoksista. (puuttuu varkaudet)

EI: Ryöstöistä. / Ryöstelystä. / Ryöstelyputkesta. / Varkaudesta. (yksikkö) / Ilkivallasta. / Kolme kuukautta kestäneistä rikkomuksista. / Törkeistä varkauksista. / Näpistyksistä. / Näpistelyistä.

12.A  All ears: here’s why Bill Nighy’s Oscars date was a small stained bunny

(1) Awards season is good at magnifying the public personas of participants. This goes for winners and attendees, but arguably nobody pulled off this trick with more panache than Bill Nighy at the Oscars.

Nominated for best actor for his still and unshowy role in Living – (2) a performance that was always going to be overshadowed by the grotesqueries of Elvis and The Whale – Nighy nevertheless managed to hone his persona in order to carve out a small but notable moment of virility on the red carpet. This is because, upon posing for the cameras, Nighy pulled a stained Sylvanian Family rabbit out of his pocket and displayed it to the world.

(3) It was perfect Nighy. It was restrained. It was tasteful (he was holding a member of the Babblebrook family, a design classic that was included in the original Sylvanian Families launch but is now unavailable). (3) And it was slightly sinister (the rabbit was covered in so much unidentified sauce that more than one Twitter user assumed that there had been a terrible accident). (4) Best of all, it was unexplained. The red carpet is traditionally where stars make big political statements, like Elizabeth Taylor wearing a red ribbon for AIDS awareness in the 1990s or Ryan Gosling wearing a T-shirt with the word “Darfur” on it, so there was a sense that Nighy was simply joining in.

Maybe the rabbit represented something. Maybe he was bringing attention to the petition asking the US Fish and Wildlife Service to save the pygmy rabbit from extinction by adding it to the Endangered Species Act. Maybe, stunned by the recent news that the Sylvanian Families shop in Finsbury Park, north London, is closing down after 30 years of business, he held up the Babblebrook rabbit as a protest against online commerce.

But that couldn’t have been it. Because Nighy was already drawing attention to a cause on the red carpet. He was wearing a blue ribbon as an act of solidarity with refugees. And you can’t raise awareness with two separate things on a red carpet, can you, because it muddies the message? You can’t say: “I stand with refugees and also small toy mammals,” because then nobody would have a clue what you were about. You’d be laughed out of Hollywood.

Finally, however, we have something approaching an answer. In a statement, when asked about the mysterious Babblebrook interloper, Nighy said that (5) “My granddaughter’s schedule intensified and I was charged with rabbit-sitting responsibilities. I wasn’t prepared to leave her unattended in a hotel room. The stakes are too high. Where I go, she goes…”

But questions remain. (6) What sauce is the rabbit covered in? It looks like ketchup, but it could be gochujang or some sort of berry syrup. Was the sauce a recent addition? Who was responsible for that, Nighy or his granddaughter? This rabbit is currently the most famous toy rabbit on Earth, so the world deserves to know.

Source: Stuart Heritage. All ears: here’s why Bill Nighy’s Oscars date was a small stained bunny. Guardian Media Group. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/14/bill-nighy-sylvanian-rabbit-oscars-living. Published: 14.3.2023. Accessed: 15.3.2023. Adaptation: YTL.

Source: Jordan Strauss. Invision/AP. https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/ac73ac8856aba4e1eee5a6fa3132668c67818a08/279_152_1219_731/master/1219.jpg?width=1300&quality=85&dpr=1&s=none. Published: 14.3.2023. Accessed: 15.3.2023.

12.1 What do award events do for actors? 3 p.

Assist in meeting their fans / Help to boost their career / Aid in building their image

12.1 What do award events do for actors?

• Aid in building their image – The text describes how the awards season magnifies the public personas of participants, emphasizing how Bill Nighy honed his persona on the red carpet. This points directly to the idea of building an image.
• Assist in meeting their fans – While award events may allow for fan interactions, this is not the focus of the text. The focus is more on public personas than on meeting fans.
• Help to boost their career – The text doesn’t directly talk about career boosts from the event, but rather the building of public image. It does not emphasize the career aspect.
• Reference: “Awards season is good at magnifying the public personas of participants.”

*****

12.2 How do the three films mentioned compare to each other? 3 p.

Elvis and The Whale were better in quality than Living / Elvis and The Whale were more freakish than Living / Elvis and The Whale were more eventful than Living

12.2 How do the three films mentioned compare to each other?

• Elvis and The Whale were more freakish than Living – The text mentions that Bill Nighy’s role in Living was unshowy and overshadowed by the grotesqueries of Elvis and The Whale. This suggests that those films were more extreme or “freakish” in comparison.
• Elvis and The Whale were better in quality than Living – The text does not make a value judgment about the quality of the films, only that Living was overshadowed by the other two, meaning they were more extravagant, not necessarily better in quality.
• Elvis and The Whale were more eventful than Living – While the text discusses Elvis and The Whale in terms of spectacle, it focuses more on their grotesque nature rather than being “eventful.” This choice is not supported by the text.
• Reference: “A performance that was always going to be overshadowed by the grotesqueries of Elvis and The Whale.”

*****

12.3 Why does the author admire Bill Nighy having the toy rabbit? 3 p.

It showed Mr Nighy’s soft side / It was characteristic of Mr Nighy / It made Mr Nighy more popular

12.3 Why does the author admire Bill Nighy having the toy rabbit?

• It was characteristic of Mr Nighy – The text praises the rabbit as “perfect Nighy,” describing it as restrained, tasteful, and slightly sinister. This fits the description of being characteristic of Nighy’s persona.
• It showed Mr Nighy’s soft side – The text doesn’t focus on Nighy’s “soft side”; rather, it focuses on his restraint and the quirky nature of the rabbit, which doesn’t necessarily align with showing vulnerability or softness.
• It made Mr Nighy more popular – The text doesn’t suggest that the rabbit was intended to make Nighy more popular. The focus is on its uniqueness and how it fits his public persona, not on popularity.
• Reference: “It was perfect Nighy. It was restrained. It was tasteful… And it was slightly sinister.”

*****

12.4 What does the author think about the toy rabbit? 3 p.

It watered down the actor’s intended message / It was a clever way of bringing up a good cause / It made people wonder about the reason behind it

12.4 What does the author think about the toy rabbit?

• It watered down the actor’s intended message – The text does not imply that the rabbit weakened any message. In fact, the author discusses how it was unexplained, which sparked curiosity, rather than watering down a message.
• It was a clever way of bringing up a good cause – The text does mention potential causes the rabbit could symbolize, but it doesn’t describe it as a clever method for advocacy. Instead, it emphasizes the mystery and ambiguity behind it.
• It made people wonder about the reason behind it – The author speculates about the sauce on the rabbit and its meaning, highlighting that the rabbit’s unexplained nature led people to wonder about its significance.

• Reference: “Best of all, it was unexplained.”

*****

12.5 Why had Bill Nighy’s granddaughter given him the toy rabbit? 3 p.

She was getting too busy herself / She wanted him to have company / She thought the rabbit was valuable

12.5 Why had Bill Nighy’s granddaughter given him the toy rabbit?

• She was getting too busy herself – The text states that Nighy was “charged with rabbit-sitting responsibilities” because his granddaughter’s schedule had intensified, so this is the reason for the rabbit.
• She wanted him to have company – The text does not suggest that the granddaughter gave the rabbit as a companion for Nighy; it’s more about her needing someone to look after the rabbit.
• She thought the rabbit was valuable – There’s no mention in the text that the granddaughter thought the rabbit was valuable in terms of monetary or sentimental worth; the focus is on her busy schedule.
• Reference: “My granddaughter’s schedule intensified and I was charged with rabbit-sitting responsibilities.”

*****

12.6 How can the last paragraph of the text be best described? 3 p.

Mocking / Sincere / Playful

12.6 How can the last paragraph of the text be best described?

• Playful – The last paragraph has a playful tone, especially with the speculative questions about the rabbit’s sauce and the idea that it’s the “most famous toy rabbit on Earth.” The author’s approach is light-hearted and humorous, focusing on the mystery in a fun way.

• Mocking – While there is some playful skepticism about the situation, the tone is not overtly mocking. The paragraph is more light-hearted in nature.

• Sincere – The paragraph does not have a serious tone. It’s not focused on expressing genuine emotions or thoughts but rather on playfully speculating about the sauce and the rabbit’s story.

*****

In summary, the marked answers align closely with the tone and details of the text, capturing the nuances of Bill Nighy’s quirky public persona and the humorous ambiguity surrounding the toy rabbit.

8 Travelling

8.A Image: A Bus Ticket

Service 705X. / 1 Passenge, / 1 Adult, €16.00. / Travel date Sat. 3rd Sep. 2022. / Departure time 13:30. / From: Belfast (Glengall Street) / To: Dublin Airport (T2).

You can only travel at the time booked.

Useful information

Please note: It is recommended that customers continue to wear face coverings while travelling on public transport.

Where to Board:

Aircoach stops on Glengall Street outside Europe Bus Station.

How to Board:

Please be at your stop 10 minutes before departure. If you’re late, we will release your seat to walk-up customers immediately prior to departure. To board, you must be able to scan the QR shown above on your phone or by printing this email or the attachment.

Luggage:

Maximum of two suitcases and one small item of hand luggage. Any item our driver can’t lift will be refused. Please tag your luggage and we recommend travel insurance for the whole of your journey as we assume no responsibility for loss or damage.

Ticket changes:

You can only travel at the time booked unless you have purchased the Flex add-on. Tickets are non-refundable unless Aircoach or its substitute operator does not operate the service booked.

Contact us:

email info@aircoach.ie. Alternatively, please contact our Customer Service Team on +353 (0)1 844 7118 between 8:30 and 17:30 Monday-Friday.

If the barcode below is not visible, please select ‘download images’ or print this ticket prior to travel.

*****

8.1 Missä tapauksessa bussin kyytiin voi päästä, vaikkei ole ostanut lippua ennakkoon? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Jos joku ennakkolipun ostaneista ei saavu ajoissa / on myöhässä / ei saavu paikalle. (3/0 p.)

OK: Jos joku lipun ostanut asiakas ei saavu paikalle 10 minuuttia ennen bussin lähtöä. / Jos bussissa on istumapaikkoja jäljellä. / Jos joku myöhästyy ja paikka vapautetaan.

EI: Jos joku ennakkolipun ostaneista myöhästyy bussista/lähdöstä. (pitää olla paikalla 10 minuuttia ennen) / Jos on Flexi-lippu/lisäosa (lippu on ostettu kuitenkin ennakkoon) / Jos joku myöhästyy, hänen paikalleen voi istua ilman lippua.

8.2 Milloin bussiyhtiöllä on oikeus kieltäytyä kuljettamasta asiakkaan matkalaukkua? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Jos kuljettaja ei jaksa nostaa/kantaa sitä. / Jos kuljettaja ei pysty/kykene nostamaan / ei voi nostaa sitä. (3/0 p.)

OK: Jos laukku/kassi/matkatavara on liian painava kuljettajalle.

EI TUO EI VIE: Matkalaukkujen määrä ylittää sallitun rajan.

EI: Jos tavara on liian painava. / Jos laukku on liian painava. (ei mainita kuljettajaa) / Jos laukku on liian suuri kuskille. / Jos laukku ei mahdu. (ei viittaa painoon) / Jos se ei sovi annettuihin ohjeisiin. (liian epätarkka)

8.3 Mitä Flexi-lipulla voi tehdä? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Matkustaa mihin aikaan tahansa. / Muuttaa varausta. (3/0 p.)

EI TUO EI VIE: Jos matka peruuntuu matkanjärjestäjän toimesta, saa rahansa takaisin (ei vastaa kysymykseen)

EI: Flexi-lipulla voi päästä bussin kyytiin, vaikka ei olisikaan ennakkoon ostanut lippua. (Flexi-lippu ostetaan ennakkoon) / Flexi-lipun aikataulua voi muuttaa. / Sillä voi matkustaa niin monta kertaa kuin haluaa tietyn aikarajan sisällä.

8.B Image: An Exhibition Ticket

Exhibition ticket – Admit one

Please retain this ticket as proof of registration

Belfast City Hall

Belfast City Council. 

*****

8.4 Mitä näyttelyvieraita pyydetään tekemään? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Säilyttämään lippu (todistuksena/osoituksena rekisteröitymisestä). (3/0 p.)

OK: Pitämään lippu mukana / todisteena varauksesta/sisäänkirjautumisesta/ilmoittautumisesta.

EI: Pitämään lippu todistuksena ostamisesta/tunnistautumisesta. / Rekisteröitymään. (tapahtunut jo ennen lipun saamista) / Näyttämään lippu todistuksena varauksesta. / Pitämään lippua. / Säilyttämään lappu. / Säilyttämään todisteena. (puuttuu, mikä pitäisi säilyttää)

9. Random Acts of Kindness

Read the text and questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

9.A  Text: A little good goes an unexpectedly long way: Underestimating the positive impact of kindness on recipients

Summary

Performing random acts of kindness increases happiness in both givers and receivers, but we find that givers systematically undervalue their positive impact on recipients. (1) In both field and laboratory settings, those performing an act of kindness reported how positive they expected recipients would feel and recipients reported how they actually felt. From giving away a cup of hot chocolate in a park to giving away a gift in the lab, (3) those performing a random act of kindness consistently underestimated how positive their recipients would feel, thinking their act was of less value than recipients perceived it to be.

*****

9.1 How were the data for this study gathered? 3 p.

By asking about prior experiences / By observing people’s actions / By simulating real-life situations

9.1 How were the data for this study gathered?

• By simulating real-life situations → Correct

• The study used both field and laboratory settings, meaning it involved controlled experiments (“giving away a cup of hot chocolate in a park” and “giving away a gift in the lab”). These methods simulate real-life situations rather than just observing or asking about past experiences.
• Key text reference: “In both field and laboratory settings, those performing an act of kindness reported how positive they expected recipients would feel and recipients reported how they actually felt.”
• By asking about prior experiences → Incorrect
• The study did not rely on self-reported past experiences; it actively tested participants’ actions and responses in controlled environments.
• By observing people’s actions → Incorrect
• While researchers observed participants, the core methodology involved controlled experiments rather than passive observation.

9.3 What was the main finding of the study? 3 p.

Givers and recipients respected each other / Givers felt even happier than the recipients / Givers misjudged the recipients’ reactions

9.3 What was the main finding of the study?

• Givers misjudged the recipients’ reactions → Correct

• The central conclusion of the study is that givers systematically underestimated how positively recipients would feel after an act of kindness.
• Key text reference: “Those performing a random act of kindness consistently underestimated how positive their recipients would feel, thinking their act was of less value than recipients perceived it to be.”
• Givers and recipients respected each other → Incorrect
• While mutual respect may have existed, the study was not focused on respect but rather on the mismatch between givers’ expectations and recipients’ actual reactions.
• Givers felt even happier than the recipients → Incorrect
• The study focused on the givers underestimating the recipients’ happiness, not on a comparison of happiness levels between givers and recipients.

Givers’ miscalibrated¹ expectations are driven partly by an egocentric bias in evaluations of the act itself. (2)Whereas recipients’ positive reactions are enhanced by the warmth conveyed in a kind act, givers’ expectations are relatively insensitive to the warmth conveyed in their action. Underestimating the positive impact of a random act of kindness also leads givers to underestimate the behavioral consequences their prosociality will produce in recipients. (4) We suggest that givers’ miscalibrated expectations matter because they can create a barrier to engaging in prosocial actions more often in everyday life, which may result in people missing out on opportunities to enhance both their own and others’ well-being.

¹ calibrate: to determine; to measure

*****

9.2 What strengthened recipients’ reactions? 3 p.

Their positive feelings towards others / Themselves being at the receiving end / The friendliness shown to them

9.2 What strengthened recipients’ reactions?

• The friendliness shown to them → Correct

• The text explicitly states that recipients’ positive reactions were enhanced by the warmth conveyed in a kind act. This warmth (friendliness) increased the emotional impact of the gesture.
• Key text reference: “Whereas recipients’ positive reactions are enhanced by the warmth conveyed in a kind act, givers’ expectations are relatively insensitive to the warmth conveyed in their action.”
• Their positive feelings towards others → Incorrect
• The study did not indicate that recipients already had positive feelings before receiving kindness. Rather, their reaction was shaped by the act itself.
• Themselves being at the receiving end → Incorrect
• Simply being a recipient does not explain why their reaction was strong—the friendliness or warmth in the act itself was the key factor.

9.4 What conclusion is drawn in the text? 3 p.

It is easy to practise kindness in everyday life / Realising the effects of kindness is important / Kindness helps us understand other people

9.4 What conclusion is drawn in the text?

• Realising the effects of kindness is important → Correct

• The study concludes that givers’ underestimation of kindness’ impact prevents them from acting kindly more often. Understanding the true effects of kindness could encourage more prosocial behavior.
• Key text reference: “We suggest that givers’ miscalibrated expectations matter because they can create a barrier to engaging in prosocial actions more often in everyday life, which may result in people missing out on opportunities to enhance both their own and others’ well-being.”
• It is easy to practice kindness in everyday life → Incorrect
• The text does not suggest that kindness is inherently easy; rather, it emphasizes that people underestimate its effects, which may discourage them from practicing it more often.
• Kindness helps us understand other people → Incorrect
• While kindness may contribute to empathy, the study does not focus on kindness improving interpersonal understanding, but rather on misjudging its effects on recipients.

Overall Conclusion

This task assesses students’ ability to:
✔ Identify key findings (e.g., givers’ underestimation of kindness’ impact)
✔ Recognize cause-effect relationships (e.g., warmth increasing recipients’ reactions)
✔ Distinguish between main points and minor details (e.g., misjudging reactions vs. general kindness)
✔ Understand research methods (e.g., field and lab experiments as real-life simulations)

The correct answers were selected based on clear references in the text, logical consistency with the study’s findings, and precision in capturing the main ideas.

10. News Users

10.A  Figure: News Users

Read the table and answer the questions.

10.1 Which platform has the most users who use at least two sources for the news? 3 p.

• TV (3 p.)

• Other websites/apps (3 p.)

10.2 In which platform do consumers use primarily only one or two sources for the news? 3 p.

• Radio (3 p.)

*****

10.1 Which platform has the most users who use at least two sources for the news?

• Correct answers: TV & Other websites/apps
  • TV: If we add up the users who use 2 sources (27%), 3 sources (17%), and 4+ sources (26%), we get 70%, which indicates a high proportion of users who rely on multiple sources.
  • Other websites/apps: This platform has 2 sources (21%), 3 sources (16%), and 4+ sources (39%), adding up to 76%, the highest among all platforms.
  Why not the other alternatives?
  • Radio has a high proportion of 1-source users (48%), making it an unlikely answer.
  • Newspapers (print-only) also have a significant number of 1-source users (28%), meaning fewer users rely on multiple sources.
  • Podcasts and social media have fewer users using 3+ sources compared to TV and other websites/apps.

10.2 In which platform do consumers use primarily only one or two sources for the news?

• Correct answer: Radio
  • The majority of radio news consumers rely on 1 source (48%) and 2 sources (29%), totaling 77%.
  • This is the highest proportion of 1- and 2-source users compared to other platforms, making it the best choice.
  Why not the other alternatives?
  • Other platforms like TV and other websites/apps have a more balanced distribution of multiple-source users.
  • Newspapers and social media also have higher usage of 3 or 4+ sources compared to radio.

Conclusion

The answers were chosen based on the highest proportion of multi-source users (for 10.1) and the highest proportion of single or dual-source users (for 10.2). The figure clearly supports these choices with numerical breakdowns of how people consume news across different platforms.

11. De-extinction 30 p.

Read the text and choose the best group of words for each gap in the text.

Bringing back the woolly mammoth and other extinct creatures may be impossible

An extinct rat that once lived on an island in the Indian Ocean 1. ^{3 p.} scientists’ dreams of resurrecting more famous extinct animals like the woolly mammoth. The Christmas Island rat disappeared just over 100 years ago, but researchers now say even its detailed genome isn’t complete enough to bring it back to life.

*****

1. may have put an end to / had once aroused / has clearly strengthened

1. “may have put an end to”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The sentence suggests that the research findings undermine the possibility of bringing extinct species back. The phrase “may have put an end to” conveys this idea effectively.
• Why not the others?
  • “Had once aroused” suggests that scientists were previously excited about the idea, which is not the main point here.
  • “Has clearly strengthened” contradicts the study’s conclusion, which highlights challenges rather than supporting de-extinction.
• Reference in the text:
  • “The Christmas Island rat disappeared just over 100 years ago, but researchers now say even its detailed genome isn’t complete enough to bring it back to life.”

No species has yet been revived, but de-extinction appeals to many geneticists and futurists. “I know a lot of biologists who think, 2. ^{3 p.}” says Karen Wendling, an ethicist at the University of Guelph. Part of the fascination is simply the promise of seeing a vanished species come to life. But putting a key animal back into its original habitat could 3. ^{3 p.}. The mammoth once kept arctic shrubs and trees under control and fertilized grasses with their manure.

*****

2. ‘Why should we even try?’ / ‘Can I do this?’ / This is impossible!’

3. have unforeseen consequences / also help restore ecosystems / slow down climate change

2. ‘Can I do this?’

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The previous sentence mentions that many biologists are fascinated by the challenge of de-extinction, so ‘Can I do this?’ fits best as it reflects their curiosity and ambition.
• Why not the others?
  • ‘Why should we even try?’ suggests reluctance, which doesn’t align with the excitement mentioned.
  • ‘This is impossible!’ is too absolute and doesn’t reflect the enthusiasm scientists have for de-extinction.
• Reference in the text:
  • “I know a lot of biologists who think, ‘Can I do this?’” says Karen Wendling, an ethicist at the University of Guelph.”

3. “also help restore ecosystems”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The text mentions that mammoths played an important ecological role, meaning their return could help restore ecosystems.
• Why not the others?
  • “Have unforeseen consequences” is vague and not directly supported by the text.
  • “Slow down climate change” is not explicitly mentioned in the passage.
• Reference in the text:
  • “The mammoth once kept arctic shrubs and trees under control and fertilized grasses with their manure.”

4. ^{3 p.}, scientists would first need to sequence its genome, then edit the DNA of a close living relative to match it. Next comes the challenge of making embryos with the revised genome and bringing them to term in a living surrogate mother. So far, scientists have sequenced the genomes of about 20 extinct species, including a cave bear, passenger pigeon, and several types of mammoths and moas. But no one has yet reported re-creating the extinct genome in a living relative.

*****

4. To decide which animal to revive / To bring back an extinct species / To discover which species are related

4. “To bring back an extinct species”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The paragraph describes the step-by-step process required for de-extinction, so this choice correctly reflects the idea.
• Why not the others?
  • “To decide which animal to revive” is broader and doesn’t match the focus of the passage.
  • “To discover which species are related” is unrelated to the de-extinction process itself.
• Reference in the text:
  • “Scientists would first need to sequence its genome, then edit the DNA of a close living relative to match it.”

In the new study, Tom Gilbert, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Copenhagen, and his colleagues, thought it best to start small. “If we want to try something so crazy, 5. ^{3 p.},” Gilbert reasoned. So, the researchers focused on the Christmas Island rat (Rattus macleari), which disappeared by 1908, because it is closely related to the Norway rat, a well-studied lab animal with a complete genome sequence that scientists already know how to modify.

*****
5. let’s take a very unusual animal / why not start with a simple model / it’s best to use an extinct species

5. “why not start with a simple model”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The text explains that scientists began with a simpler case (the Christmas Island rat) before attempting more complex species.
• Why not the others?
  • “Let’s take a very unusual animal” does not match the reasoning in the passage.
  • “It’s best to use an extinct species” is too general and doesn’t align with the explanation.
• Reference in the text:
  • “If we want to try something so crazy, why not start with a simple model?”

The researchers extracted DNA from the skins of two preserved Christmas Island rats and sequenced it many times over to get as much of the genome as possible and used the genome of the Norway rat as a reference. Comparing the two genomes revealed that 6. ^{3 p.}. Many of those genes will be the ones that make each species unique, says Victoria Herridge from the Natural History Museum in London. She notes that the more time that has passed since an extinct species and its living relative have diverged, the more genes are likely to remain unknown. The work “really highlights the difficulties, maybe even the ridiculousness, of de-extinction efforts,” she says.

*****
6. almost 5% of the Christmas Island rat’s genome was still missing / relying on the Norwegian rat as the only point of reference was problematic / the Norwegian and Christmas Island rats had almost identical genomes

6. “almost 5% of the Christmas Island rat’s genome was still missing”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The passage states that despite their efforts, about 5% of the rat’s genome was still missing.
• Why not the others?
  • “Relying on the Norwegian rat as the only point of reference was problematic” is not the main issue presented.
  • “The Norwegian and Christmas Island rats had almost identical genomes” contradicts the finding that important genetic information was missing.
• Reference in the text:
  • “Comparing the two genomes revealed that almost 5% of the Christmas Island rat’s genome was still missing.”

But Andrew Pask, a developmental biologist at the University of Melbourne who is spearheading an effort to bring back an extinct marsupial called the thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, is unfazed by the new report and remains optimistic. “The thylacine is 7. ^{3 p.}”, he says. His team sequenced this predator’s genome as well as the genomes of several potential surrogate species, including the dunnart or marsupial mouse. They find that although 5% of the thylacine’s genome cannot be reconstructed, that 5% is primarily repetitive regions that 8. ^{3 p.}.

*****

7. perhaps the best candidate for de-extinction / even a more challenging species to study / interesting, as it, too. lived on an island

8. may make the thylacine look somewhat similar to the dunnart / likely won’t affect how the transformed animal looks or behaves / could result in some repetitive behaviors of the animal

7. “perhaps the best candidate for de-extinction”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The passage presents the thylacine as a promising species for de-extinction.
• Why not the others?
  • “Even a more challenging species to study” contradicts the idea that it’s a strong candidate.
  • “Interesting, as it, too, lived on an island” does not emphasize its suitability for de-extinction.
• Reference in the text:
  • “The thylacine is perhaps the best candidate for de-extinction.”

8. “likely won’t affect how the transformed animal looks or behaves”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The passage states that the missing 5% of the genome consists mostly of repetitive regions, meaning it won’t affect the appearance or behavior of the animal.
• Why not the others?
  • “May make the thylacine look somewhat similar to the dunnart” is not supported by the passage.
  • “Could result in some repetitive behaviors of the animal” is speculative and not mentioned in the passage.
• Reference in the text:
  • “That 5% is primarily repetitive regions that likely won’t affect how the transformed animal looks or behaves.”

9. ^{3 p.}, sequencing is “steadily improving” for both modern and extinct DNA, says George Church, the Harvard University geneticist who helped found a company called Colossal Laboratories and Biosciences. “Many 100% animal genomes will be arriving faster and faster.”

9. Conversely / Moreover / Instead

9. “Moreover”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The sentence introduces additional information about improvements in sequencing technology, making “Moreover” the most logical transition.
• Why not the others?
  • “Conversely” suggests a contrast, which is not the case here.
  • “Instead” implies an alternative, which does not fit the sentence’s structure.
• Reference in the text:
  • “Sequencing is steadily improving for both modern and extinct DNA.”

Gilbert now thinks creating an exact replica of a mammoth or a passenger pigeon will be “impossible.” But such efforts might lead to ‘proxies’, animals close enough to carry out the same function in the extinct species’ old ecosystem.

Herridge cautions that in most cases scientists won’t know in advance how the edited genes will affect the animal’s behavior and ability to survive. Some researchers also think de-extinction efforts 10. ^{3 p.}. “You can save eight extant species for the cost of one that you make de-extinct,” Wendling points out.

But even those who are not sure that de-extinction could or should happen still fantasize about the possibility. Wendling wants to know what a dodo bird is like. And, Herridge says, “Personally, I would love to see a giant ground sloth or a saber-toothed cat!”

*****

10. can become increasingly more challenging technically / may take needed resources away from conservation / might result in species whose behavior is unpredictable

10. “may take needed resources away from conservation”

• Why is this the best choice?
  • The passage mentions that de-extinction efforts require significant resources that could be used to protect currently endangered species.
• Why not the others?
  • “Can become increasingly more challenging technically” is true but does not capture the ethical concern being raised.
  • “Might result in species whose behavior is unpredictable” is a valid concern but is not the main argument in this section.
• Reference in the text:
  • “You can save eight extant species for the cost of one that you make de-extinct.”

Conclusion

Each correct choice best aligns with the passage’s details, while the other options either contradict the text, are too vague, or misrepresent the focus of the passage. The core text directly supports these answers, ensuring their accuracy.

12 Text: Dusty Knuckle

Read the text and questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

It’s 4.30 am on a Friday in August and beneath a sky streaked with dawn, the only ones awake seem to be me, pedalling sleepily through the empty streets, and the foxes who own them at this time of day. Just two things can prise me out of bed this early; travel and food, and this morning’s motivation is croissant-shaped. (1) In June my friend enlisted me in a plan to visit the people who get up at silly o’clock to bake our daily bread. And so here we are, dodging the delivery riders already waiting outside McDonald’s, heading down a rutted alleyway towards the sweet, buttery scent of warm patisserie.

*****

12.1 Why is the writer up so early? 3 p.

She wishes to see some wild animals / She has been challenged by a mate / She wants to buy her breakfast rolls fresh

12.1 Why is the writer up so early?

Correct answer: She has been challenged by a mate.

• This is supported by the sentence: “In June my friend enlisted me in a plan to visit the people who get up at silly o’clock to bake our daily bread.” The word enlisted suggests the writer was recruited or persuaded by a friend, making this the best choice.

Why not the others?

• She wishes to see some wild animals: Although the writer does mention foxes, they are described as a secondary observation, not the main motivation.
• She wants to buy her breakfast rolls fresh: While the writer does get a croissant, the main reason for waking up early was the planned visit, not just to buy fresh pastries.

When she arrives, our guide, Daisy Terry, Dusty Knuckle’s owner, explains that the bakery now shuts down from 1-5 am. Their process is structured around the need to save energy and get more sleep. It’s a two-way street: (2) Daisy believes the quality of the bread is totally dependent on the mood in the bakery. They all laugh at me, she says, but it’s why we have music on in here, and do good staff meals. Fortnightly massages and rooftop yoga are also mentioned.

*****

12.2 Why does Daisy Terry offer her employees yoga lessons? 3 p.

Baking is physically quite strenuous / It makes them work more efficiently / How they feel affects the end products

12.2 Why does Daisy Terry offer her employees yoga lessons?

Correct answer: How they feel affects the end products.

• This aligns with the text: “Daisy believes the quality of the bread is totally dependent on the mood in the bakery.” This suggests that a positive work environment leads to better bread.

Why not the others?

• Baking is physically quite strenuous: The text does not mention yoga as a remedy for physical strain.
• It makes them work more efficiently: While a good mood might improve efficiency, the emphasis in the text is on how mood affects the quality of the bread rather than just productivity.

Yet, even in this toasty-smelling bubble, the future is uncertain. (3) The price of both butter and flour have gone up substantially, and – as with energy – will rise again before the year is out. Wages will have to increase too. Perhaps you’re not too bothered by the fortunes of a small London business with celebrity fans when many are struggling to afford white sliced. But, putting aside the question of why we value bread so little in this country, Dusty Knuckle employs 80 people. (4) It was set up in 2014 in part to offer training and jobs to young people at risk of a custodial sentence. Daisy says that she spends half her time on the phone to oven engineers and the other half talking to probation officers.

*****
12.3 What are we told about Dusty Knuckle? 3 p.

They are rethinking their production lines / So far, they have been making big profits / They are affected by events around them

12.3 What are we told about Dusty Knuckle?

Correct answer: They are affected by events around them.

• This is supported by: “The price of both butter and flour have gone up substantially, and – as with energy – will rise again before the year is out. Wages will have to increase too.” These external factors show the bakery is vulnerable to economic conditions.

Why not the others?

• They are rethinking their production lines: The bakery has changed working hours to save energy, but this is not the focus of the passage.
• So far, they have been making big profits: There is no mention of significant profits, and the text focuses more on challenges and financial pressures.

12.4 What is Dusty Knuckle’s role in society? 3 p.

It hires those who might otherwise end up in prison / Social enterprise has expanded from the early days / It has increased the appreciation for the industry

12.4 What is Dusty Knuckle’s role in society?

Correct answer: It hires those who might otherwise end up in prison.

• The text states: “It was set up in 2014 in part to offer training and jobs to young people at risk of a custodial sentence.” This directly supports the correct answer.

Why not the others?

• Social enterprise has expanded from the early days: While the business has grown, the text does not explicitly state that expansion was a key mission.
• It has increased the appreciation for the industry: The passage does not suggest that the bakery has changed public perception of baking.

Oh, and I get my croissant, still warm from the oven. (5) As I tucked in, I saw a fox watching me narrowly through the glass. It seems not all early birds catch the worm.

*****

12.5 What does the last sentence in the text mean? 3 p.

The bakery will face challenges in the future / The writer would rather have slept longer / The fox could only observe others eating

12.5 What does the last sentence in the text mean?

Correct answer: The fox could only observe others eating.

• The text says: “As I tucked in, I saw a fox watching me narrowly through the glass. It seems not all early birds catch the worm.” The phrase watching me narrowly implies the fox is looking at the writer eating but cannot participate.

Why not the others?

• The bakery will face challenges in the future: Although the text discusses future financial concerns, this is not the meaning of the last sentence.
• The writer would rather have slept longer: The writer does mention waking up early but seems engaged rather than regretful.

This analysis shows how the correct answers are supported by direct references from the text, while the incorrect ones either misinterpret or lack sufficient textual backing.

13. The Rumble Down Under

13.A Text: The Rumble Down Under

Location: Sydney, Australia
Date: 2/8/1879
Teams involved: New South Wales, England

If you think you get mad about referees, the Sydney Riot of 1879 during a cricket match between England and New South Wales will make you realize just how tame you are in comparison to fans of old. The fans took over the pitch, storming the field in an ugly fashion and assaulting the visiting Englishmen. Two thousand spectators took part in the brawl. (1) The riot itself has been chalked up to gamblers in the area who had bet on New South Wales. Certain reports claim that local gamblers had placed money against England, and (2) when the English started to surge ahead in the match, the gamblers used bad umpiring as an excuse to incite riots in order to call the bets off.

Whatever the reason, the match would eventually resume on the following Monday, February 10. England won the match-up.

*****
Read the text and answer the questions in Finnish.

13.1 Keiden arveltiin olleen syyllisiä mellakkaan? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 50 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

 Uhkapelaajien. / Vedonlyöjien. / Vetoa lyöneiden (ihmisten, henkilöiden) / Veikkaajien/Pelureiden. (3/0 p.)

OK: New South Walesiin/NSW:hen panokset asettaneiden uhkapelureiden. / Englantia vastaan vetoa lyöneet.

EI: Ihmiset, jotka löivät vetoa (Etelä-)Walesin voitosta. / Krikettijoukkueiden kannattajat. / Vetoa lyöneet fanit/kannattajat/katsojat. (vedonlyöjät eivät olleet faneja tai välttämättä edes katsojia) / Australian puolesta vetoa lyöneet.

13.2 Miksi he aloittivat mellakan? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Jotteivat häviäisi vetoaan/rahaa. / Koska he olivat lyöneet vetoa NSW:n/australialaisten puolesta, mutta Englanti olikin voitolla. (3/0 p.)

OK: He halusivat välttää rahan menetyksen. / He halusivat keskeyttää ottelun, koska menettäisivät rahaa. / Sabotoidakseen peliä, koska olivat satsanneet väärään joukkueeseen. / He halusivat saada rahansa takaisin / peruuttaa vetonsa.

EI TUO EI VIE: Halusivat peruuttaa ottelun. (rahan menetys puuttuu) / Koska englantilaiset olivat voitolla. (rahan menetys puuttuu)

EI: Englannin alkaessa olla voitolla he halusivat olla maksamatta vedonvälittäjille. (ovat jo maksaneet) / Rahan takia. (epämääräinen) / Vedonlyönnin takia (epämääräinen) / Koska Australia oli häviämässä ja olisivat hävinneet rahaa.

Read the text and answer the questions.

8.A Text: Golden Square London

The headquarters of Bert Billington Productions was in Golden Square, where tall classical buildings looked down on a leaf-scattered square of green. This was definitely the respectable face of Soho. Sam rang the bell and was buzzed up to the third-floor offices. The receptionist was extremely polite, offering coffee with a welcoming smile. When she got up to make the drink, Sam saw that she was wearing an orange minidress held together by large gold hoops. It made Sam feel suddenly dowdy and provincial.

Source: Elly Griffiths. The Midnight Hour. London: Quercus. p. 110. Published: 2022. Adaptation: YTL.

8.1 What is Sam visiting? 3 p.

A media company / A doctor’s office / A loan business

8.2 Which picture best describes the scenery? 3 p.

Viisikerroksisia taloja kaupungissa, etualalla aidattuja puistoja.

8.3 What does Sam think of her own appearance? 3 p.

It is classic / It is rustic / It is practical

*****

Analysis of the Best Choices

8.1 What is Sam visiting?

✅ A media company

• The text states that Sam is visiting the headquarters of Bert Billington Productions, which strongly suggests a media or entertainment company (productions often refer to film, TV, or media-related businesses).
• ❌ “A doctor’s office” is incorrect because there is no mention of medical services or a healthcare setting.
• ❌ “A loan business” is incorrect because there is no reference to financial services or lending.

8.2 Which picture best describes the scenery?

Viisikerroksisia taloja kaupungissa, etualalla aidattuja puistoja.

8.3 What does Sam think of her own appearance?

✅ It is rustic

• Sam compares her own outfit negatively to the receptionist’s stylish and trendy orange minidress with gold hoops. She feels “dowdy and provincial,” which implies she sees herself as old-fashioned, plain, or not fashionable.
• ❌ “It is classic” is incorrect because classic style implies timeless elegance, whereas Sam feels outdated compared to the receptionist.
• ❌ “It is practical” is incorrect because the passage does not suggest Sam values practicality over fashion—rather, she feels self-conscious about her appearance.

The answers are correct because they best fit the context and meaning of the passage.

9.A  Text: Training virtually can reduce psychosocial stress and anxiety

Read the text and questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

Physical exercise benefits our overall well-being. But for some — such as neurological patients, people suffering from cardiovascular disease, and hospitalized patients — physical exercise is not feasible, or even too dangerous. However, similar effects may be brought about using Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR).

Despite being initially designed for entertainment, (1) IVR has attracted interest from the academic community because of its potential use for clinical purposes, since it allows the user to experience a virtual world through a virtual body.

In a previous study, researchers found that looking at a moving virtual body induces physiological changes. Heart rates increased/decreased coherently with the virtual movements, even though the young participants remained still. Consequently, (2) acute cognitive and neural benefits occurred, just like after real physical activity.

9.1 Why have researchers started to study IVR’s effects? 3 p.

It is easy to set up a study environment / It is used by numerous people / It offers new opportunities

9.2 What happened in the first experiment? 3 p.

Participants’ brain functions improved / Participants recovered rather quickly / Participants’ physical condition got better

9.1 Why have researchers started to study IVR’s effects?

✅ It offers new opportunities

• The text states that “IVR has attracted interest from the academic community because of its potential use for clinical purposes.” This shows that researchers see new opportunities for IVR beyond entertainment, particularly in medicine and rehabilitation.
• ❌ “It is easy to set up a study environment” is incorrect because the text does not mention ease of setup as a reason for research.
• ❌ “It is used by numerous people” is incorrect because popularity is not the reason researchers became interested in IVR.

Reference: “IVR has attracted interest from the academic community because of its potential use for clinical purposes.”

9.2 What happened in the first experiment?

✅ Participants’ brain functions improved

• The text states that “acute cognitive and neural benefits occurred, just like after real physical activity.” This means that participants experienced improvements in brain functions similar to those from real exercise.
• ❌ “Participants recovered rather quickly” is incorrect because the study does not mention recovery.
• ❌ “Participants’ physical condition got better” is incorrect because participants remained physically still, and their physiological responses changed, not their physical condition.

Reference: “Acute cognitive and neural benefits occurred, just like after real physical activity.”

In the current study, the researchers explored the effect on stress, adding another level to the beneficial effects of virtual training. (3) Young healthy subjects, while sitting still, experienced a virtual training displayed from the first-person perspective through an avatar, creating the illusion of ownership over movements.

The avatar ran at 6.4 km/h for 30 minutes. Before and after the virtual training, (4) the researchers induced and assessed the psychosocial stress response by measuring the salivary alpha-amylase — a crucial biomarker indicating the levels of neuroendocrine stress. Similarly, they distributed a subjective questionnaire for anxiety. The results showed a decreased psychosocial stress response and lower levels of anxiety after the virtual training, comparable to what happens after real exercise.

Source: Dalila Burin, Gabriele Cavanna, Daniela Rabellino, Yuka Kotozaki, Ryuta Kawashima. Training virtually can reduce psychosocial stress and anxiety. Science Daily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220617101831.htm. Published: 17.6.2022. Accessed: 22.6.2022. Adaptation: YTL. Image: YTL

9.3 What was the difference between the two research settings? 3 p.

The virtual world was more detailed in the second experiment / The exercise intensity was harder in the second experiment / The level of involvement was higher in the second experiment

9.4 How did the researchers observe the effects of the second trial? 3 p.

They took samples from the participants’ mouths / They examined the results of participants’ blood tests / They analysed participants’ sweat and urine

9.5 What could be an alternative title for this article? 3 p.

Virtual reality – a new frontier in training / Virtual reality – a couch potato’s dream / Virtual reality – no pain, no gain

9.3 What was the difference between the two research settings?

✅ The level of involvement was higher in the second experiment

• In the second study, participants experienced a first-person perspective through an avatar, creating the illusion of ownership over movements. This suggests a higher level of involvement than in the first study.
• ❌ “The virtual world was more detailed in the second experiment” is incorrect because the text does not mention any difference in graphical detail.
• ❌ “The exercise intensity was harder in the second experiment” is incorrect because the participants remained still in both experiments.

Reference: “Young healthy subjects, while sitting still, experienced a virtual training displayed from the first-person perspective through an avatar, creating the illusion of ownership over movements.”

9.4 How did the researchers observe the effects of the second trial?

✅ They took samples from the participants’ mouths

• The text explains that researchers measured the salivary alpha-amylase to assess stress levels, which means they took saliva samples from participants’ mouths.
• ❌ “They examined the results of participants’ blood tests” is incorrect because blood testing is not mentioned.
• ❌ “They analysed participants’ sweat and urine” is incorrect because the study focused on saliva rather than other bodily fluids.

Reference: “The researchers induced and assessed the psychosocial stress response by measuring the salivary alpha-amylase.”

9.5 What could be an alternative title for this article?

✅ Virtual reality – a new frontier in training

• The article discusses how IVR presents new possibilities for training and stress reduction, making this the most suitable title.
• ❌ “Virtual reality – a couch potato’s dream” is incorrect because the article focuses on scientific benefits, not laziness or lack of effort.
• ❌ “Virtual reality – no pain, no gain” is incorrect because IVR allows participants to experience exercise-like benefits without real physical effort, which contradicts the phrase “no pain, no gain.”

Reference: The article explores IVR as an innovative and promising new approach in training and stress relief.

Conclusion

Each of the marked answers was the best choice because it accurately reflected the content of the text, while the incorrect options were either not supported by the text or contradicted its main ideas.

10. Greenland 30 p.

Read the text carefully and choose the sentence or group of words that best fits the gap in the text.

The world is changing for Greenland’s native Inuit people

You may know them as eskimos, but the people of the Arctic are officially called the Inuit. Historically, they were hunters in the truest sense. For hundreds of years they survived the world’s harshest conditions, living off their prey of whales, seals, polar bears, musk oxen, birds, fish and reindeer. This has always been their way of life.

One that (1)^{3 p.}. The Inuit were mostly isolated for millennia, until modern times. (1) Now they are adapting but their lives are affected by a contemporary world that is placing limits on how they can hunt and a changing climate that is affecting their environment. (2) ^{3 p.}

The Inuit traditionally hunted from small, sealskin boats, which were quick and maneuverable. You may recognize today’s version of this boat that is still called by the Inuit name, kayak.

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1. is now thriving again / is now changing / has now disappeared

2. The world has become less interested in the Inuit. / The Inuit are now actively resisting climate change. / There is an element of uncertainty to their culture.

1. One that…

✅ is now changing

• The text states that Inuit life has been affected by modernization and climate change: “Now they are adapting but their lives are affected by a contemporary world that is placing limits on how they can hunt and a changing climate that is affecting their environment.”
• ❌ “Is now thriving again” is incorrect because there is no mention of a revival of traditional Inuit culture.
• ❌ “Has now disappeared” is incorrect because Inuit traditions still exist, albeit with modifications.

Reference: “Now they are adapting but their lives are affected by a contemporary world that is placing limits on how they can hunt and a changing climate that is affecting their environment.”

2. The world has become less interested in the Inuit…

✅ There is an element of uncertainty to their culture.

• The text describes how their traditional way of life is under pressure from external factors, such as environmental regulations and climate change, which brings uncertainty.
• ❌ “The world has become less interested in the Inuit” is incorrect because there is no indication that global interest has diminished.
• ❌ “The Inuit are now actively resisting climate change” is incorrect because the text does not mention direct resistance—only adaptation.

Reference: The mention of climate change and hunting restrictions creating uncertainty about the Inuit way of life.

Hunting has always been at the heart of the Inuit culture. (3) Until about fifty years ago, these native people (3)  ^{3 p.}. Today the economy has shifted and Greenland is not primarily a hunting society.

Most Inuit have transitioned to traditional wage earning work to earn money for electricity and other modern comforts. (4)  ^{3 p.}

(4) The Inuit continue to eat their traditional regime of seal, walrus and reindeer. In constructing their clothing and boots, some traditionalists eschew contemporary materials and continue to utilize the spoils from their hunt – polar bear and reindeer skins, just as they’ve always done. This world of hunting for the Inuit is deeply embedded in their myths, their communal structure, even their DNA.

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3. managed to adapt to the changing climate / lived completely off the land and sea / struggled to survive in the harsh environment

4. Hence, tensions have arisen between the modern and traditional Inuits over their culture. / Therefore, Inuit culture and everyday life have changed radically in the past decades. / However, the hunting culture and diet are still very much a part of their lives and their identity.

3. Until about fifty years ago, these native people…

✅ lived completely off the land and sea

• The passage states that hunting was central to Inuit survival: “Hunting has always been at the heart of the Inuit culture. Until about fifty years ago, these native people lived off the land and sea.”
• ❌ “Managed to adapt to the changing climate” is incorrect because adaptation to modern environmental changes is a recent issue.
• ❌ “Struggled to survive in the harsh environment” is incorrect because, despite the challenges, Inuit people had successfully lived off the land for centuries.

Reference: “Until about fifty years ago, these native people lived off the land and sea.”

4. Most Inuit have transitioned to traditional wage earning work…

✅ However, the hunting culture and diet are still very much a part of their lives and their identity.

• Despite changes in the economy, the text emphasizes that hunting remains a core part of Inuit identity: “The Inuit continue to eat their traditional regime of seal, walrus and reindeer.”
• ❌ “Hence, tensions have arisen between the modern and traditional Inuits over their culture.” The text does not state that tensions exist, just that traditions are under pressure.
• ❌ “Therefore, Inuit culture and everyday life have changed radically in the past decades.” Although change has occurred, the passage emphasizes continuity in their cultural identity.

Reference: “The Inuit continue to eat their traditional regime of seal, walrus and reindeer.”

However, the Inuit’s ancient culture has recently come under pressure from well-meaning people. (5)  ^{3 p.}, even from within Greenland’s government have begun to set limits on many of the species that were at one time essential to this hunting culture.

For the small groups of hunters who still hunt off the land, the claim is that these new quotas will make their lives more difficult. Though well intentioned, (5) these animal rights campaigns coming from the outside world conflict directly with ancient Inuit values. (6 )This is truly a clash of cultures, that (6) ^{3 p.}.

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5. Some political opposition parties / Various environmental groups / Certain traditional hunters

6. will only strengthen the Inuits’ resolve to maintain their culture / may threaten a way of life for one of the world’s last aboriginal people / is quite likely to slow down Inuits’ transition to wage earning work

Reference: “The Inuit continue to eat their traditional regime of seal, walrus and reindeer.”

5. However, the Inuit’s ancient culture has recently come under pressure from well-meaning people…

✅ Various environmental groups

• The text mentions animal rights campaigns and quotas, which are typically imposed by environmental organizations.
• ❌ “Some political opposition parties” is incorrect because the text does not mention political parties influencing hunting regulations.
• ❌ “Certain traditional hunters” is incorrect because Inuit hunters oppose these restrictions rather than impose them.

Reference: “These animal rights campaigns coming from the outside world conflict directly with ancient Inuit values.”

6. This is truly a clash of cultures, that…

✅ may threaten a way of life for one of the world’s last aboriginal people.

• The restrictions and climate changes pose an existential threat to Inuit traditions.
• ❌ “Will only strengthen the Inuits’ resolve to maintain their culture” is incorrect because the passage describes increased difficulties, not growing resistance.
• ❌ “Is quite likely to slow down Inuits’ transition to wage-earning work” is incorrect because the transition to modern work is already happening.

Reference: “This is truly a clash of cultures.”

There are (7)  ^{3 p.}. (7) UNESCO’s World Heritage List is considering adding protections for caribou hunting as it is an important aspect to the Inuit’s and other native groups’ livelihoods.

For centuries, the Inuit have lived out in the roughest environments. They know the weather patterns that allow them to travel safely on the sea ice for their hunting expeditions. However, temperatures in the Arctic have increased by 2 to 5 degrees Celsius over the last 50 years and may rise by yet another 10 degrees. This change is impacting the wildlife and the environment of the Arctic.

Throughout Greenland, Inuit hunters (8)  ^{3 p.}. (8) They report that the land and the sea ice are changing. What was once familiar territory has become unstable, making navigating and travel dangerous. Glaciers are melting more in summer than previously and the routes to traditional hunting spots have become precarious. Even some experienced hunters have disappeared through the ice. They are now hunting more in the fjords rather than on the sea ice, as it is safer and more productive with the changing environment.

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down Inuits’ transition to wage earning work

7. certain organisations that some argue have caused the present situation / however, some measures being considered to help this situation / also other worrisome developments that may aggravate the situation

8. have been recruited to monitor the environment / say the weather is increasingly unpredictable / are worried about decreasing animal populations

7. There are…

✅ however, some measures being considered to help this situation.

• The text mentions UNESCO considering protections for caribou hunting, implying efforts to help.
• ❌ “Certain organizations that some argue have caused the present situation” is incorrect because the passage does not assign blame directly.
• ❌ “Also other worrisome developments that may aggravate the situation” is incorrect because the focus here is on potential solutions, not additional problems.

Reference: “UNESCO’s World Heritage List is considering adding protections for caribou hunting.”

8. Throughout Greenland, Inuit hunters…

✅ say the weather is increasingly unpredictable.

• The passage describes climate change making hunting more dangerous: “They report that the land and the sea ice are changing. What was once familiar territory has become unstable.”
• ❌ “Have been recruited to monitor the environment” is incorrect because the text does not mention Inuit being involved in official environmental monitoring.
• ❌ “Are worried about decreasing animal populations” is incorrect because the main concern mentioned is changing hunting conditions, not declining animal numbers.

Reference: “They report that the land and the sea ice are changing.”

As hunting has become more difficult for the hardcore traditionalists, (9) more family members are working in contemporary roles to help their family’s economy. (9) ^{3 p.} This allows some of the men to continue in their traditional role as hunters. However, one side effect is that the women are starting to lose their knowledge of traditional skills such as sewing animal skins.

The good news is there is increasing awareness of the rights of aboriginal people like the Inuit to preserve their centuries-old way of life. The United Nations Environment Programme has called for increased environmental monitoring in the Arctic regions. (10) It seems that what is happening in the Arctic is the front line for what will occur in the rest of the world.

Ultimately, it is being acknowledged that awareness of the Inuit culture and their environment will not only benefit their survival, (10) ^{3 p.}.

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9. Women find it necessary to learn the skills needed in traditional hunting families. / More of the women have to accompany their husbands on the hunting trips. / Women are taking salaried jobs to earn currency for store bought products.

10. it will revive their hunting traditions / it will in the long run help us all / it will protect certain animals

9. As hunting has become more difficult…

✅ Women are taking salaried jobs to earn currency for store-bought products.

• The passage explains that women are taking jobs to support the family economy.
• ❌ “Women find it necessary to learn the skills needed in traditional hunting families” is incorrect because the opposite is happening—women are losing traditional skills.
• ❌ “More of the women have to accompany their husbands on hunting trips” is incorrect because it is not mentioned in the text.

Reference: “More family members are working in contemporary roles to help their family’s economy.”

10. Ultimately, it is being acknowledged that awareness of the Inuit culture and their environment will not only benefit their survival…

✅ it will in the long run help us all.

• The passage suggests that climate issues in the Arctic are a global concern: “It seems that what is happening in the Arctic is the front line for what will occur in the rest of the world.”
• ❌ “It will revive their hunting traditions” is incorrect because there is no mention of revival, only preservation.
• ❌ “It will protect certain animals” is incorrect because the passage focuses on cultural preservation, not animal protection.

Reference: “It seems that what is happening in the Arctic is the front line for what will occur in the rest of the world.”

Conclusion

The correct answers were chosen because they align with the core message of the text. The incorrect options were either not supported, contradicted the passage, or emphasized the wrong aspect of the information provided.

11. News Bulletin

11 News bulletin: New rules on short and simple contract details

(1) Telecoms customers must be provided with a summary of the main contract terms before entering a contract, under new rules that come into force today. This is designed to help people avoid being caught out by surprise price rises, (2) at a time when household budgets are under heavy strain. The new rule also (3) requires firms to set out the terms and conditions if a customer decides to end their contract early. Customers with disabilities can also request to receive the documents in an accessible format.

Some providers offer deals that include a price rise linked to inflation that takes effect during the contract. From today, when customers take out a new contract, firms that use this calculation (4) are required to provide a straightforward price example to a customer of how this is likely to affect the price they will pay.

Source: New rules on short and simple contract details. Ofcom. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/news-centre/2022/new-rules-on-short-and-simple-contract-details. Published: 17.6.2022. Accessed: 23.6.2022. Adaptation: YTL.

Read the text and answer the questions in Finnish.

11.1 Mitä teleoperaattoreiden pitää antaa asiakkailleen ennen sopimuksen allekirjoittamista? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Yhteenveto / tiivistelmä / kooste / lista(us) sopimusehdoista (3/0 p.)

OK: Tärkeimmät ehdot / Tiivistelmä sopimuksesta / Tulee kertoa/antaa/toimittaa/saattaa tiedoksi sopimuksen pääkohdat

EI: Ehdot (ei kaikkia) / Tiedot sopimuksen ehdoista / Tiivistelmä uusista säännöistä / Tiivistelmä sopimuksen ehdoista ja olosuhteista / pääsopimus, päätermit, jäsenyys, kopio sopimuksesta / kokoomus/tiivistelmä ehdoista

paatermit, jasenyys, kopio sopimuksesta / Kokoomus/tiiviste ehdoista

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11.2 Miksi yllättävä hinnannousu voi juuri nyt olla vaarallista? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Koska monen/joidenkin talous on tiukalla (3/0 p.)

OK: Kotitalouksien budjetit ovat tiukoilla/vaakalaudalla/vaarassa/paineen alla. / Kotitalouksien menot ovat suuria.

EI TUO EI VIE: Asumiskulut ovat isoja. / inflaation vuoksi / Kotitaloudet ovat vaikeuksissa

EI: Kotien budjetit ovat epävakaita / pienentyneet/tarkkailun alla. / Budjetin kanssa on rankkaa. / Kotitalouksien budjetit ovat jo valmiiksi korkeita. (budjetit eivät ole suuria vaan menot) / Budjetit ovat tiukoilla. (ei käy ilmi, että kyseessä yksityishenkilöt/kotitaloudet) / Kotitalouksien sisäinen budjetointi on hankalaa. / Taloudessa menee huonosti. (talous yhteiskunnan tasolla)

HUOM! Vastauksesta täytyy käydä ilmi, että kyseessä yksityishenkilöiden/kotitalouksien budjetit.

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11.3 Mihin teleoperaattorit velvoitetaan sopimuksen purkamisen varalta? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

(Purku)ehtojen / –sääntöjen / –pykälien määrittämiseen / asettamiseen / esittämiseen / tekemiseen / laatimiseen / selventämiseen / selittämiseen / toimittamiseen / lähettämiseen (3/0 p.)

OK: Laittaa ehdot asiakkaan nähtäväksi sopimuksen (aikaisen) purkamisen varalta. / Laatia säännöt miten tilanteessa toimitaan.

EI TUO EI VIE: Ennen sopimuksen allekirjoittamista

EI: Tietosuoja, termit, käyttöohjeet, ajoissa purkaminen, olosuhteet / Asiakkaan ohjeistamiseen. (ei pelkästään) / Asiakkaille kertomiseen. (ei pelkästään)

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11.4 Miten teleoperaattorin pitää kertoa inflaatioon sidotuista hinnoista? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 100 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Heidän tulee antaa (selkeä) hintaesimerkki (inflaation vaikutuksista). (3/0 р.)

OK: Tarjota hintavertailu, josta selviää miten inflaatio vaikuttaa hintaan. / Pitää antaa hinta-arvio. / Antaa selkeä hintataulukko / suora hinta / tarkka/yksinkertainen laskelma. / Heidän tulee antaa laskelma miten nousu voi vaikuttaa hintaan. (inflaatio jo kysymyksessä) / Kertoa konkreettisesti, miten hinta tulee muuttumaan

EI TUO EI VIE: Suorasanaisesti. / Selkeästi. / Kertoa, miten hinta muuttuu inflaation myötä. (tämähän vain toistaa kysymyksen hiukan eri sanoin)

EI: Ne voivat vaihdella.

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Read the text and answer the questions.

12 After a Shaky Start, Airborne Wind Energy Is Slowly Taking Off

Companies are developing technologies, such as large kites, that can harvest wind energy up to a half-mile above ground. While still in its nascent stages, airborne wind power could potentially be used in remote locations or flying from barges far offshore.

Look up over the white sand beaches of Mauritius and you may see a gigantic sail, much like the kind used by paragliders or kite surfers but the size of a three-bedroom apartment, looping figure-eights overhead. The sail isn’t a tourist attraction — it’s creating electricity for the power grid of this island.

(1) Launched by German company SkySails Power, the massive wing is the world’s first fully autonomous commercial “airborne wind energy” (AWE) system. For the past months, the company says, it has been delivering a little under its goal of 100 kilowatts — typically enough to power up to 50 homes. That’s just a tiny fraction of the island’s electricity demand, but, SkySails hopes, a sign of the future.

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12.1 What is unique about the wind kite in Mauritius? 3 p.

It is unexpectedly productive / It is a groundbreaking model / It is exceptionally extensive

12.1 What is unique about the wind kite in Mauritius?

• It is a groundbreaking model → The text states that this is “the world’s first fully autonomous commercial ‘airborne wind energy’ (AWE) system,” highlighting its pioneering nature.
• It is unexpectedly productive → The text mentions that the system is delivering “a little under its goal of 100 kilowatts,” which is not particularly high. Productivity is not emphasized as a defining feature.
• It is exceptionally extensive → The size is described as “the size of a three-bedroom apartment,” but the project itself is small in scale, covering only a fraction of the island’s energy needs.

Reference: “Launched by German company SkySails Power, the massive wing is the world’s first fully autonomous commercial ‘airborne wind energy’ (AWE) system.”

As the world heads towards net-zero emissions, pretty much every pathway for future electricity production foresees a big role for wind. (2) The International Energy Association forecasts wind energy skyrocketing 11-fold by 2050, with wind and solar together accounting for 70 percent of the planet’s electricity demands. Thanks to the expanding number of wind turbines dotting fields and adorning ridgelines worldwide, the cost of wind power has plummeted about 40 percent over the past decade.

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12.2 What is expected to happen by 2050? 3 p.

Carbon dioxide emissions will be down to zero / Green sources will provide over 2/3 of energy / Wind energy will be the main source of power

12.2 What is expected to happen by 2050?

• Green sources will provide over 2/3 of energy → The text states that “wind and solar together [will] account for 70 percent of the planet’s electricity demands,” which supports this choice.
• Carbon dioxide emissions will be down to zero → The text mentions the world’s goal of reaching net-zero emissions, but it does not claim this will be fully achieved by 2050.
• Wind energy will be the main source of power → Wind energy is expected to increase significantly, but it will be part of a mix with solar, not necessarily the dominant source.

Reference: “The International Energy Association forecasts wind energy skyrocketing 11-fold by 2050, with wind and solar together accounting for 70 percent of the planet’s electricity demands.”

(3) But some experts say those massive turbines aren’t always the best solution — they can be expensive or logistically impossible to install in remote locations or deep waters, and just can’t reach the lofty heights where the wind blows hardest. To harvest these spots, the key may be to fly a kite. Rainclouds do not hinder them, just like they don’t hinder conventional turbines. Dozens of companies and a handful of academic institutions are now investigating numerous airborne options. These range from soft wings that convert the tug and pull on a kite’s line to useful energy, to complex rigid craft that carry turbines and generators on board and shuttle electricity down a tether.

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12.3 What is the problem with traditional wind farms? 3 p.

They need to be far from housing / Water damages their engines / They are situated rather low

12.3 What is the problem with traditional wind farms?

• They are situated rather low → The text explains that traditional turbines “just can’t reach the lofty heights where the wind blows hardest.” This confirms that their low placement is a limitation.
• They need to be far from housing → There is no mention of wind farms needing to be far from residential areas.
• Water damages their engines → The text does not discuss water as a specific problem for wind turbines.

Reference: “But some experts say those massive turbines aren’t always the best solution — they can be expensive or logistically impossible to install in remote locations or deep waters, and just can’t reach the lofty heights where the wind blows hardest.”

In some countries, suitable land for wind farms is getting slim: (4) Wind farms typically need a whopping 71 acres to generate a megawatt, compared to 12 acres for a fossil fuel plant, and the ideal locations will eventually run out. “The first farms are in the best spots, and the best spots are limited,” says Cristina Archer from the University of Delaware.

(4) It’s relatively cheap and easy to bring a wing to a remote location, adds Archer; these systems can be dropped off wherever there’s a road or dock. They can also be tethered to an anchored barge in deep waters, where a traditional wind turbine cannot stand firm. Their height is adaptable, so they can be moved up or down to wherever the wind blows the hardest, which often changes with the seasons.

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12.4 What is one of the benefits of airborne wind energy systems? 3 p.

They are durable / They store energy / They need little space

12.4 What is one of the benefits of airborne wind energy systems?

• They need little space → The text states that traditional wind farms require a lot of space, whereas airborne systems do not.
• They are durable → The text does not highlight durability as a key benefit.
• They store energy → There is no mention of these systems being used for energy storage.

Reference: “Wind farms typically need a whopping 71 acres to generate a megawatt, compared to 12 acres for a fossil fuel plant.” & “It’s relatively cheap and easy to bring a wing to a remote location.”

These ideas have been around for decades, but the path to using kites, wings, or drones to capture wind energy has been bumpy. (5) In 2020, for example, an airborne wind energy company acquired by Google famously folded operations after engineers couldn’t make their system work economically. But others pursuing lighter, simpler versions of the technology, like SkySails, are now going commercial.

Source: Nicola Jones. After a Shaky Start, Airborne Wind Energy Is Slowly Taking Off. Yale School of the Environment. https://e360.yale.edu/features/after-a-shaky-start-airborne-wind-energy-is-slowly-taking-off. Published: 23.2.2022. Accessed: 10.3.2022. Adaptation: YTL.

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12.5 What has been the biggest obstacle in developing airborne wind energy? 3 p.

Producers lacking technical skills / Developing reliable machinery / Making production cost-effective

12.5 What has been the biggest obstacle in developing airborne wind energy?

• (X) Making production cost-effective → The text describes how Google abandoned its airborne wind energy project because it was not economically viable.
• Producers lacking technical skills → The issue was not a lack of expertise but rather the difficulty in making the technology financially viable.
• Developing reliable machinery → The text does not state that reliability was the main challenge—rather, economic feasibility was the key issue.

Reference: “In 2020, for example, an airborne wind energy company acquired by Google famously folded operations after engineers couldn’t make their system work economically.”

The best answers are supported by the text while the other alternatives are either not mentioned or contradicted.

Read the text and questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

8. Corncrake numbers continue worrying downward trend

Corncrake numbers form a mixed picture in the Western Isles against the backdrop of falling numbers for this threatened species across Scotland. Once abundant across the country, the elusive bird is now only found in the crofting lands of the Hebrides and Orkney.

Only 850 calling males were recorded by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Scotland in these areas this year – a huge drop of 1,289 males in 2014. The overall downward trend worries conservationists and highlights how vulnerable these birds are.

Corncrakes are usually surveyed annually but Covid travel restrictions in 2020 meant that it was not possible to complete the count across all areas.(1) Overall, the Western Isles corncrake population has increased by 10% but in the Inner Hebrides the population has plummeted by 12.2 percent from 2019.

(2) RSPB Scotland is calling for payments for nature and climate friendly farming and crofting to be at the heart of the Scottish Government agricultural policies. RSPB Scotland will target management for corncrakes in the right places, working with farmers and crofters through the Corncrake Calling project.

Corncrakes are the land-dwelling relatives of coots and moorhens and one of Scotland’s rarest breeding birds. (3)Due to their shy character they are surveyed by counting the number of males making the distinctive “crex crex” call during breeding season.

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8.1 Why is the number of corncrakes described as controversial? 3 p.

In some areas, the figures have grown / Conservationists disagree on the amount / Only the male population has decreased

8.2 What does RSPB see as the solution to the corncrake issue? 3 p.

Financial incentives to farmers’ practices / Having farmers help with the annual surveys / Reducing farmland to ensure birds’ nesting

8.3 What makes counting corncrakes a challenge? 3 p.

Their mating season tends to be short / It looks so similar to some other birds / The bird keeps steering clear of people

8.1 Why is the number of corncrakes described as controversial?

• In some areas, the figures have grown → The text states, “Overall, the Western Isles corncrake population has increased by 10% but in the Inner Hebrides the population has plummeted by 12.2 percent from 2019.” This contrast explains why the numbers present a “mixed picture.”
• Conservationists disagree on the amount → There is no mention of disagreement among conservationists about the actual numbers.
• Only the male population has decreased → The text discusses male population counts, but it does not state that only males have declined while females have remained stable.

Reference: “Overall, the Western Isles corncrake population has increased by 10% but in the Inner Hebrides the population has plummeted by 12.2 percent from 2019.”

8.2 What does RSPB see as the solution to the corncrake issue?

• Financial incentives to farmers’ practices → The text states that RSPB Scotland is calling for financial support for nature-friendly farming practices, which indicates that economic incentives for farmers are seen as a solution.
• Having farmers help with the annual surveys → The text mentions that surveys were disrupted due to COVID-19, but it does not suggest that RSPB is relying on farmers to conduct these surveys.
• Reducing farmland to ensure birds’ nesting → There is no mention of reducing farmland as a strategy. Instead, the focus is on changing agricultural policies to be more bird-friendly.

Reference: “RSPB Scotland is calling for payments for nature and climate friendly farming and crofting to be at the heart of the Scottish Government agricultural policies.”

8.3 What makes counting corncrakes a challenge?

• The bird keeps steering clear of people → The text states that corncrakes are “shy” and “elusive,” making them difficult to spot, which is why they are counted by listening to their calls instead of direct observation.
• Their mating season tends to be short → The text does not mention the length of the mating season as a challenge for counting.
• It looks so similar to some other birds → While corncrakes are related to other birds, the text does not suggest that misidentification is a challenge in surveys.

Reference: “Due to their shy character they are surveyed by counting the number of males making the distinctive ‘crex crex’ call during breeding season.”

8.4 Which paragraph would be best suited for the end of the text? 3 p.

1. The birds migrate here every summer from Africa and used to be found across the UK before the changes in agriculture in the 19th and 20th centuries saw their range and number contract to just a few isolated pockets in Scotland.

2. To discover nature’s wonders throughout the year, you, too, can join the RSPB. You’ll receive a welcome pack, a free gift with adult and family memberships, and free access to our nature reserves where you can observe corncrakes.

3. Although corncrake chicks cannot fly until they’re 35 days old, the female often abandons them to fend for themselves at 12 days old, so she can start another nest. Most members of the crake family are usually found in marshland or other wet habitats, but corncrakes prefer drier land.

8.4 Which paragraph would be best suited for the end of the text?

• A. The birds migrate here every summer from Africa and used to be found across the UK before the changes in agriculture in the 19th and 20th centuries saw their range and number contract to just a few isolated pockets in Scotland.
  • This paragraph provides historical context and explains why corncrakes are now limited to a few regions, effectively rounding off the article’s discussion on declining populations.
• B. To discover nature’s wonders throughout the year, you, too, can join the RSPB… → This paragraph is more promotional in tone and does not fit well with the factual style of the article.
• C. Although corncrake chicks cannot fly until they’re 35 days old… → This paragraph provides interesting biological details but does not serve as a logical conclusion to the article’s focus on conservation and declining numbers.

This analysis highlights why each accepted choice was the best answer, showing how they are supported by the text while the other alternatives are either not mentioned or less relevant.

9 Brexit leaves EU-bound presents out in the cold

As part of the raft of Brexit changes that came in on 1 January 2021, the EU now treats postal items from the UK as it did non-EU items before. Further changes relating to VAT took effect on 1 July. As a result, (1) customs forms are now mandatory for all gifts and goods sent to a country outside the UK, except when sending items from Northern Ireland to the EU.

In some cases, the recipient may have to pay customs or VAT charges and a handling fee before they can claim the parcel. While general items imported to the EU with a value of £18 or less are now no longer exempt from VAT, (2) the good news for UK consumers – and for those receiving presents from them – (2) is that gifts under £38 that are being sent to Europe remain free of VAT or charges.

(3)A gift is an item given by one individual to another (3)where no payment is exchanged. Goods bought from a website such as Amazon or eBay(3) and marked as a gift would not be classified as a gift under the new regulations.

Source: Rupert Jones. Brexit leaves EU-bound Christmas presents out in the cold. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/nov/28/brexit-leaves-eu-bound-christmas-presents-out-in-the-cold?. Published: 28.11.2021. Accessed: 30.11.2021. Adaptation: YTL.

*****

9.1 Missä tapauksessa Britanniasta lähetettävää tavaraa ei tarvitse ilmoittaa tullille? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Jos se lähetetään Pohjois-Irlannista EU:n alueelle. (3/0 p.)

OK: Eurooppaan, EU:hun

El: pohjoisesta Irlannista, Irlannin pohjoisosista, UK

El: jos paketti on verkkołostos tai lahja

9.2 Milloin lähetyksestä ei tarvitse maksaa arvonlisäveroa? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Jos on kyseessä alle 38 punnan lahja (Eurooppaan). (3/0 p.)

OK: EU:hun

EI: Silloin kun lahja Eurooppaan on alle tietyn summan.

9.3 Mitä asiakkaan tarvitsee tehdä, jos merkitsee verkko-ostoksen lahjaksi? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Niistä pitää maksaa ALV/vero ja/tai tullimaksu. (3/0 p.)

OK: Maksaa ALV/vero. / Maksaa tulli. / Ilmoittaa tullille. / Tullata se. / Täyttää tullin lomakkeet. (riittää siis, että mainitsee jommankumman)

EI TUO EI VIE: käsittelykulut, asiaankuuluvat maksut, verkko-ostosta ei voi merkitä lahjaksi joka on vapaa ALVista

EI: Pitää maksaa VAT. / Niitä ei hyväksytä lahjaksi.

10. Other People Don’t Think You’re a Mess

Read the following text and answer the questions.

Paragraph 1

We all have weaknesses, and all know hardship. But it’s difficult, even on a good day, to admit we are struggling, to ask for help or to apologize when we are out of line. (1) After a year and a half of overwhelming stress caused by a global pandemic, many of us have become even more familiar with feeling vulnerable and have grown adept at avoiding difficult conversations. We may blow up to let off steam, for instance, and not take responsibility for the harm our actions cause. Or we may sulk when people close to us fail at guessing our needs. When setting clear boundaries is in order, many of us may say “yes” to everything only to end up resenting everyone—including ourselves—for having too much on our plates.

*****

10.1 In the context of the whole text, what is the main point of paragraph 1? 3 p.

Why we react to the global pandemic differently / Why we are feeling increasingly vulnerable / Why we resent others now more than before

10.1 In the context of the whole text, what is the main point of paragraph 1?

• Why we are feeling increasingly vulnerable → The paragraph discusses how people struggle with vulnerability, particularly after the stress caused by the pandemic, and how this leads to unhelpful behaviors like avoiding difficult conversations or setting unclear boundaries.
• Why we react to the global pandemic differently → The paragraph does mention the pandemic, but the focus is on vulnerability, not differences in individual reactions.
• Why we resent others now more than before → Resentment is mentioned as a consequence of poor boundary-setting, but it is not the main focus of the paragraph.

Reference: “After a year and a half of overwhelming stress caused by a global pandemic, many of us have become even more familiar with feeling vulnerable…”

Paragraph 2

(2) Often, the best way to break these cycles is to admit our difficulties to others. That step can be excruciating and frightening, but keeping problems to ourselves can create even more long-term complications. After all, unacknowledged feelings and frustrations rarely stay under the rug. That is why it makes sense to figure out how to articulate one’s feelings or thoughts even when that form of expression leaves us feeling exposed or uncomfortable.

*****

10.2 What is the main point of paragraph 2? 3 p.

The acceptance of all feelings / The difficulty of change / The importance of openness

10.2 What is the main point of paragraph 2?

• The importance of openness → The paragraph emphasizes that admitting difficulties to others, though frightening, is essential to breaking cycles of avoidance and resentment.
• The acceptance of all feelings → While the paragraph touches on acknowledging emotions, its primary focus is on the benefits of openness rather than general emotional acceptance.
• The difficulty of change → While expressing vulnerability may be difficult, the paragraph does not center on change itself as the main challenge.

Reference: “Often, the best way to break these cycles is to admit our difficulties to others.”

Paragraph 3

The good news is that our worries about the negative evaluations of others may not be entirely reflected in the way people actually see us in difficult moments. Building on prior pioneering studies of vulnerability, my colleagues and I conducted six experiments that revealed consistent results: (3) Across a variety of situations, such as asking for help or admitting to a mistake, people perceived their own displays of vulnerability more negatively than others did. We refer to this pattern of conflicting perceptions as the “beautiful mess effect.”

*****

10.3 What is the main point of paragraph 3? 3 p.

People find it difficult to perceive others’ motives / People’s evaluation of others depends on the situation / People are more understanding than we might think

Reference: “Often, the best way to break these cycles is to admit our difficulties to others.”

10.3 What is the main point of paragraph 3?

• (X) People are more understanding than we might think → The paragraph presents research showing that people tend to judge their own vulnerability more harshly than others do, introducing the concept of the “beautiful mess effect.”
• People find it difficult to perceive others’ motives → The research does not focus on difficulty in perceiving motives, but rather on differences in self-perception versus how others see us.
• People’s evaluation of others depends on the situation → The text suggests that others tend to be more understanding of vulnerability in general, not just in certain situations.

Reference: “Across a variety of situations… people perceived their own displays of vulnerability more negatively than others did.”

Paragraph 4

We wanted to know how people could overcome the beautiful mess effect, with its differences in perception. Our experiments suggest that the concept of self-compassion can be of great help when it comes to finding beauty in the mess of one’s own shortcomings. Self-compassion consists of three components. First, (4)entails a caring and understanding response towards one’s own suffering. The second component, (5), refers to recognizing pain and failures as an unavoidable part of life. Finally, (6) entails clear awareness of the present moment—neither ignoring one’s difficulties nor overexaggerating their magnitude.

*****

10.4 – 10.6 What is the best term for gap 10.4 – 10.6? 3 p.

common humanity / self-kindness / complexity / mindfulness

10.4 What is the best term for gap 10.4?

• self-kindness → The first component of self-compassion is about treating oneself with kindness and understanding in times of suffering.
• common humanity → This fits better in the second gap, where it refers to shared human experiences.
• complexity → The paragraph does not discuss complexity as a component of self-compassion.
• mindfulness → Mindfulness is mentioned in the third component, not the first.

Reference: The concept of self-compassion is described in paragraph 4, with “a caring and understanding response” fitting the definition of self-kindness.

10.5 What is the best term for gap 10.5?

• common humanity → The second component of self-compassion is recognizing that suffering and failure are universal human experiences.
• self-kindness → This fits better in the first gap.
• complexity → Not relevant to the discussion of self-compassion.
• mindfulness → Mindfulness fits better in the third gap.

Reference: “The second component… refers to recognizing pain and failures as an unavoidable part of life.”

10.6 What is the best term for gap 10.6?

• mindfulness → The third component is about maintaining present-moment awareness without ignoring or exaggerating difficulties, which aligns with the definition of mindfulness.
• common humanity → This fits better in the second gap.
• self-kindness → This fits better in the first gap.
• complexity → Again, not relevant to self-compassion.

Reference: “Finally… entails clear awareness of the present moment—neither ignoring one’s difficulties nor overexaggerating their magnitude.”

Paragraph 5

(7) Luckily, our level of self-compassion is not set in stone and it can be intentionally cultivated. For example, journaling exercises can help people change the way they think about their own strengths and weaknesses by writing about one’s feelings with awareness and acceptance, offering oneself words of support, and reflecting on how others share difficult experiences. By developing a kind, mindful attitude towards ourselves we can become more comfortable with showing our vulnerabilities.

Source: Anna Bruk. Other people don’t think you’re a mess. Springer Nature America, Inc. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/other-people-dont-think-youre-a-mess/. Published: 1.11.2021. Accessed: 8.1.2022. Adaptation: YTL.

*****

10.7 What is the main point of paragraph 5? 3 p.

How to improve self-compassion / What self-compassion generates / Why self-compassion matters

difficulties nor overexaggerating their magnitude.”

10.7 What is the main point of paragraph 5?

• How to improve self-compassion → The paragraph discusses strategies like journaling to cultivate self-compassion.
• What self-compassion generates → The paragraph does not focus on the effects of self-compassion but rather on how to develop it.
• Why self-compassion matters → The importance of self-compassion is touched upon earlier, but this paragraph is more about methods for enhancing it.

Reference: “Luckily, our level of self-compassion is not set in stone and it can be intentionally cultivated.”

This analysis highlights why each accepted choice was the best answer, showing how they are supported by the text while the other alternatives are either incorrect or less relevant.

11. Found on Facebook

11 A Kenyon Wilson

Read the following Facebook post and answer the questions.

11.1 Miksi Kenyon Wilson löysi piilottamansa setelin pukukaapista? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Koska kukaan opiskelijoista ei hakenut sitä. / Koska kukaan (muu) ei avannut lokeroa. (3/0 p.)

OK: Koska kukaan ei lukenut kurssikuvausta / opetussuunnitelmaa / opintokuvausta / opsia / kurssimateriaalia. / Kukaan opiskelijoista ei halunnut / kehdannut ottaa sitä. / Kukaan opiskelijoista ei tajunnut, että seteli oli lokerossa.

EI TUO EI VIE: hän oli antanut lokeron koodin/salasanan

EI: Koska hän oli laittanut sen sinne ja antanut kaapin koodin ja numeron luokallensa. (ei vastaa kysymykseen) / Kukaan ei halunnut varastaa seteliä. / Kukaan ei ollut löytänyt sitä/koodia.

EI: lukujärjestys, kassakaappi

*****
11.2 Mihin Kenyon Wilson pyytää ideoita? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Uuteen kepposeen. (3/0 p.)

OK: (Akateemiseen) temppuun / pilaan / jekkuun / jäynään / vitsiin / höpsöön ideaan / hölmöilyyn / hauskanpitoon / hauskaan kokeiluun

EI TUO EI VIE: miten saisi opiskelijat lukemaan kurssisuunnitelmia

EI: Akateemiseen neronleimaukseen / (ihmis)kokeeseen / kokeiluun / testiin / tutkimukseen / ideaan / touhuun / tempaukseen / kommellukseen / kiusantekoon / arvoitukseen. / Mitä tehdä seuraavaksi.

Found on Facebook

11 B Bodleian Libraries

Read the following Facebook post and answer the question.

11.3 Mistä Franciscus Junius haaveili? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Että hollannin kielestä tulee tutkimuksen kieli. / Että hollanniksi julkaistaan tutkimusta. (3/0 p.)

OK: tieteen kieli, akateeminen/opillinen kieli, yliopistollisiin julkaisuihin sopiva kieli

OK: hollannista tulee sopivampi kieli tieteeseen.

EI: kirjakieli, opetuskieli, koulukieli, koulukirjoitukseen sopiva kieli, virallinen kieli, viralliseen kirjoittamiseen sopiva kieli, skolaarinen kieli, koulutuskieli

Found on Facebook

11 B Marcus Rashford

Read the following Facebook post and answer the questions.

11.4 Keiden kirjoja Marcus Rashford haluaa nostaa esiin? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Kirjailijoiden, jotka edustavat köyhistä oloista tulevia lapsia. (3/0 p.)

OK: huonommista / vaikeista / kehnoista lähtökohdista, syrjäytymisvaarassa olevia

OK: tuovat esille / kuvaavat / käsittelevät / ottavat huomioon / huomioivat / nostavat esiin / antavat äänen

EI TUO EI VIE: lastenkirjallisuus, kirjailijoita jotka ovat köyhistä oloista

EI: köyhissä kunnissa / kaupungeissa / kommuuneissa, alipalvelluissa / huonosti palvelevien yhteisöjen / vähemmistöjen / syrjittyjen / huonotasoisten  / huonojen yhteisöjen

*****

11.5 Mikä on Marcus Rashfordin tavoite? Vastaa suomeksi. 3 p.

Vastauksen pituus on enintään 150 merkkiä. Ylityksestä seuraa pistevähennys.

Että lapset näkisivät menestyksen olevan mahdollista. (3/0 p.)

OK: Lapset näkisivät polun menestykseen/pärjäämiseen. / Lapset saisivat toivoa, ja niin edes tavoittelisivat onnistumista. / Lapset menestyisivät. / Saada lapset näkemään, mitä he voisivat saavuttaa

EI TUO EI VIE: lapset näkevät, että muukin on mahdollista / lapsilla olisi toivoa

El: Lapset näkevät polun voittoon / Tavoitteena on saada lapset lukemaan. / Mahdollistaa, että lapset oppivat lukemaan ja antaa lapsille toivoa. / Auttaa lapsia huonoissa olosuhteissa. / Tavoite on mainostaa kirjaa, koska video mainostaa sitä.

Read the text and questions carefully and choose the best alternative.

12 Iniskim Umaapi: Is this Canada’s ‘Stonehenge’?

Built by ancient Indigenous People and long considered to be sacred, the Iniskim Umaapi medicine wheel in Alberta is one of the oldest religious monuments in the world. It sits on a windswept hill far from any signs of civilisation. (1) It consists of a central cairn surrounded by 28 radiating stone lines that are encircled by another large ring of stones measuring 27m in diameter.

*****

12.1 What is said about the stone lines of Iniskim Umaapi? 3 p.

They spread out from the centre / They bend to form uneven circles / They create dozens of rings

12.1 What is said about the stone lines of Iniskim Umaapi?

• They spread out from the centre → The text states that Iniskim Umaapi consists of a “central cairn surrounded by 28 radiating stone lines,” meaning they extend outward from the middle.
• They bend to form uneven circles → The text does not mention the lines bending or forming circles; instead, it describes them as radiating outward.
• They create dozens of rings → There is only one large encircling ring mentioned in the text, not multiple rings.

Reference: “It consists of a central cairn surrounded by 28 radiating stone lines.”

Iniskim Umaapi is situated on one of the highest hills in the region. On a clear day, you can see for about 100km in every direction when you’re standing inside the circle. (2) The site is surrounded by grasslands, and there are stones outside the circle on at least two other high hilltops. (3) While some archaeologists interpret the placement of the stones outside the main circle as the random results of a glacial moraine, Professor Gordon Freeman believes they were carefully placed there. (4) Taken all together, he believes they represent the sun, the crescent moon, the morning star and constellations.

*****

12.2 What is the view like from Iniskim Umaapi?

Aaltoileva heinäkasvien peittämä maasto, joka ulottuu taivaanrantaan asti.

Reference: “The site is surrounded by grasslands, and there are stones outside the circle on at least two other high hilltops”

*****

12.3 How have the origins of the Iniskim Umaapi region traditionally been explained? 3 p.

The Ice Age moved stones and masses of earth / In former moorlands, the earth has piled up / Parts of the cliff top have broken into pieces

12.3 How have the origins of the Iniskim Umaapi region traditionally been explained?

• The Ice Age moved stones and masses of earth → Some archaeologists believe the stones outside the main circle could be the result of glacial moraine, which refers to rock and debris left behind by a moving glacier.
• In former moorlands, the earth has piled up → The text does not mention moorlands or earth piling up naturally.
• Parts of the cliff top have broken into pieces → The text does not refer to cliffs breaking apart as an explanation for the stones’ placement.

Reference: “While some archaeologists interpret the placement of the stones outside the main circle as the random results of a glacial moraine…”

12.4 How does Professor Freeman see the organisation of stones? 3 p.

It represents the proportions of the planets of the solar system / It reflects the hours of the day and their passing / It illustrates some core elements in astronomy

12.4 How does Professor Freeman see the organisation of stones?

• It represents the proportions of the planets of the solar system → Freeman does not claim the stones illustrate the size or distances between planets.
• It reflects the hours of the day and their passing → There is no mention of the stones being linked to time measurement in hours.
• It illustrates some core elements in astronomy → Freeman suggests the arrangement of stones aligns with key astronomical phenomena, such as the sun, moon, and constellations.

Reference: “Taken all together, he believes they represent the sun, the crescent moon, the morning star and constellations.”

According to Freeman, the rising and setting sun on both the longest and shortest days of the year line up with rocks inside and outside the circle. The spring and autumn equinoxes, when day and night are equal, are similarly marked with uncanny accuracy and (5) the 28 radiating lines inside the circle correspond to the length of the lunar cycle.

*****

12.5 What do the 28 radiating lines correspond to? 3 p.

The Moon’s orbit around the Earth / The major constellations / The Earth’s circle around the Sun

12.5 What do the 28 radiating lines correspond to?

• The Moon’s orbit around the Earth → The number 28 corresponds to the lunar cycle, which is approximately 28 days.
• The major constellations → The text mentions constellations, but not in direct connection to the 28 radiating lines.
• The Earth’s circle around the Sun → The Earth’s orbit around the sun takes a year, not 28 days.

Reference: “The 28 radiating lines inside the circle correspond to the length of the lunar cycle.”

However, the native Blackfoot people also see the stone circle as having four quadrants. (6) The number four is one of the most significant numbers in Blackfoot culture, because it represents many things including the four cardinal directions, the four sacred medicines and the four human needs. To some Blackfoot, the four quadrants of the medicine wheel represent emotional, physical, mental and spiritual wellbeing. The ancient stone circle is a place to find balance.

Source: Debbie Olsen. Iniskim Umaapi: Is this Canada’s ‘Stonehenge’?. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220109-iniskim-umaapi-is-this-canadas-stonehenge. Published: 10.1.2022. Accessed: 18.1.2022. Adaptation: YTL.

*****

12.6 What are among the things the number four represents to the Blackfoot? 3 p.

The concept of the four seasons / The chambers of the heart / The points of the compass

12.6 What are among the things the number four represents to the Blackfoot?

• The points of the compass → The four quadrants of the medicine wheel represent the four cardinal directions (North, South, East, West), among other symbolic meanings.
• The concept of the four seasons → The text does not mention the four seasons in connection to the Blackfoot interpretation.
• The chambers of the heart → The text does not mention anatomy or heart chambers as part of the symbolic meaning.

Reference: “The number four is one of the most significant numbers in Blackfoot culture, because it represents many things including the four cardinal directions.”

Summary of the Correct Answers:

• 12.1 → The stone lines spread out from the center.
• 12.3 → Some archaeologists believe the stones outside the circle were placed there by glacial movement.
• 12.4 → Professor Freeman sees the stone arrangement as representing astronomical elements.
• 12.5 → The 28 radiating lines correspond to the Moon’s orbit around the Earth.
• 12.6 → The number four represents the four cardinal directions in Blackfoot culture.

These answers are well-supported by direct references from the text.

*****

Here is an analysis of the multiple choice vocabulary task 15. Conductor from the Finnish national English finals. This task requires students to replace underlined words in the text with the best contextual synonym.

Below, each question is analyzed for:

1. ✅ Why the (X)-marked choice is the best fit.
2. ❌ Why the other options don’t work.
3. 🔍 Where in the original sentence or context the reasoning is supported.

✅ 15.1 “emanating” → (X) originating

🔍 Original sentence:

We hope that discussions emanating from what is written here will lead to a better understanding…

(X) originating ✅

• Best fit: “Emanating from” means coming from or starting from — which is what “originating from” also means.
• The sentence implies that discussions begin or stem from what is written → originating is precise and formal enough for academic tone.

“indicating” ❌

• Means pointing to, signaling — not starting or flowing from.
• Changes the meaning: discussions don’t just indicate the text; they result from it.

“insinuating” ❌

• Means suggesting indirectly or slyly, often with a negative connotation.
• Inappropriate and off-tone for a formal or academic text about conducting.

✅ 15.2 “vigorous” → (X) ardent

🔍 Original sentence:

There is no “correct” way to perform a given work of art; honest and vigorous differences of opinion are possible.

(X) ardent ✅

• “Ardent” = passionate, emotionally intense.
• In context, it refers to strongly held differences of opinion → makes perfect sense.
• Similar in register and intensity to “vigorous.”

“mean” ❌

• Incorrect part of speech here (verb vs. adjective), and wrong meaning altogether.
• Does not describe the nature of the “differences of opinion.”

“futile” ❌

• Means useless, pointless — opposite meaning!
• The sentence stresses that honest and strong disagreement is possible, not meaningless.

✅ 15.3 “innate” → (X) inborn

🔍 Original sentence:

Many of the qualities needed by a music director are innate.

(X) inborn ✅

• Synonym of “innate”; both mean naturally present at birth.
• Fits tone and meaning perfectly: qualities that a person is born with, not learned.

“involved” ❌

• Unrelated meaning: included or engaged in.
• Doesn’t describe a personal trait or quality.

“insidious” ❌

• Negative and incorrect: means stealthy and harmful.
• Totally inappropriate in tone and meaning for a neutral or positive quality.

🧾 SUMMARY TABLE

Here is a detailed analysis of the multiple-choice cloze test from the Finnish national English finals. The test focuses on grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension in context. For each item, I will:

• ✅ Explain why the (X) choice is best
• ❌ Briefly explain why the others are incorrect
• 🔍 Point out the contextual clues that support the correct answer

🔢 Questions 16.1–16.4: Opening paragraph

Opposites may attract if you are working with magnets. But with people and relationships, it can be more complicated. The age-old saying “opposites attract” is translated into many different languages in many cultures. However, 1. *** has also been used for years. Modern science 2. *** the exploration of attraction, aiming to pinpoint 3. *** phrase is more accurate 4. *** human interaction.

✅ 16.1 (X) “birds of a feather flock together”

• 🔍 A contrasting expression to “opposites attract” is needed — this is a proverb meaning similar people stick together, which contrasts perfectly.
• ❌ “what really matters is invisible to the eye” = too abstract, not about similarity.
• ❌ “comparing apples to oranges” = about incomparable things, not about attraction.

✅ 16.2 (X) continues

• 🔍 Subject: Modern science → needs 3rd person singular present tense.
• ✅ “continues” fits the tense and structure of an ongoing scientific process.
• ❌ “continued” = past tense → doesn’t match “aiming to pinpoint…”
• ❌ “continue” = base form; ungrammatical without “to”.

✅ 16.3 (X) which

• 🔍 Refers to choosing between two phrases.
• ✅ “which” is used for selecting between known options (“opposites attract” vs. “birds of a feather…”).
• ❌ “what” = unknown information.
• ❌ “why” = doesn’t make sense here.

✅ 16.4 (X) regarding

• 🔍 Needed: a preposition introducing the topic (“regarding human interaction”).
• ✅ “regarding” = about / concerning.
• ❌ “to regard” = verb form.
• ❌ “in regard” = incomplete (should be “in regard to”).

🔢 Questions 16.5–16.10: Disney and media examples

You may have watched Belle (Beauty) fall in love with the Beast on TV, a creature that she was seemingly different from 5. *** almost every way. Perhaps you noticed 6. *** swept 7. *** her feet by the rich and titled Prince Charming. You may have rejoiced when Ariel the mermaid searched for ways to marry Prince Eric despite her lack of legs. Media is often filled with portrayals of people who are “wrong” for each 8. *** (as 9. *** by societal standards). 10. *** that, these movies romanticize the rich and the poor.

✅ 16.5 (X) in

• 🔍 Fixed phrase: different in every way.
• ❌ “at” and “on” are incorrect with this idiom.

✅ 16.6 (X) the underprivileged Cinderella

• 🔍 “Cinderella” is a known character → definite article needed.
• ❌ “a” is vague; ❌ no article = grammatically odd with an adjective.

✅ 16.7 (X) off

• 🔍 Idiom: “swept off her feet” = fall in love suddenly and strongly.
• ❌ “from” and “away” break the idiom.

✅ 16.8 (X) other

• 🔍 “Each other” = reciprocal pronoun, correct in this expression.
• ❌ “others” = plural people.
• ❌ “other’s” = possessive; wrong context.

✅ 16.9 (X) deemed

• 🔍 Passive form required (“as *** by societal standards”).
• ✅ “deemed” = considered / judged.
• ❌ “deeming” = active participle.
• ❌ “to deem” = infinitive, doesn’t fit grammatically.

✅ 16.10 (X) Aside from

• 🔍 Logical transition: Aside from that (e.g. appearance), media also romanticizes class differences.
• ❌ “Beside” = physical location.
• ❌ “As for” = too topic-shifting; doesn’t express the additive meaning here.

🔢 Questions 16.11–16.15: Research and conclusions

Although over 80% of people believe opposites attract, this popular notion is not necessarily true. 11. *** opposites does not always draw you to a romantic partner; instead, you may 12. *** attracted to personality traits, similarities, and biological cues.

✅ 16.11 (X) Being

• 🔍 “Being opposites…” = subject of the sentence.
• ❌ “Having opposites” = unidiomatic.
• ❌ “Noting opposites” = illogical here.

✅ 16.12 (X) be

• 🔍 Modal verb structure: “may *** attracted”.
• ✅ “be” fits grammatically after “may”.
• ❌ “look” and “have” don’t match “attracted”.

✅ 16.13 (X) mate

In the 1950s, sociologist Robert Francis Winch led a study on 13. *** selection…

• 🔍 Refers to mate selection — standard term in social science.
• ✅ No article is needed here: “mate selection” = general category.
• ❌ “a mate” or “the mate” → too specific.

✅ 16.14 (X) complement

• 🔍 Verb: “should *** one another” → means “balance/match well”.
• ✅ “complement” = fits context of personalities matching.
• ❌ “complete” = too strong (as in soulmate tropes).
• ❌ “compliment” = say something nice; wrong word entirely.

✅ 16.15 (X) with

• 🔍 Standard phrase: “content with…”
• ❌ “by” and “to” are not used in this idiom.

✅ Summary Table

Let’s go through each sentence from the “I stand corrected” task from the Finnish national English finals, analyzing the error, why the provided answer is correct, and why the original word was wrong. This task tests grammar, vocabulary, and spelling skills at a high B2/C1 level appropriate for 18-year-old students with ten years of English study.

✅ 17.1 Original

Sometimes people say our grammar is too difficult, what is not true.

✔️ Corrected word: which

🔍 Explanation:

• The word “what” is incorrect here. In this sentence, it refers back to the entire preceding clause: “our grammar is too difficult.”
• In English grammar, when you refer back to an entire clause with a relative pronoun, you use “which”, not “what.”
• ❌ what is not true ➜ ❌ incorrect relative pronoun.
• ✅ which is not true ➜ ✅ grammatically correct.

🧠 Rule:

Use “which” as a relative pronoun when referring to a whole previous clause or idea.
E.g. He missed the train, which surprised no one.

✅ 17.2 Original

Are you saying that what people say is not true, or that english grammar is too difficult?

✔️ Corrected word: English

🔍 Explanation:

• English is a proper noun and must always be capitalized.
• ❌ english ➜ lowercase is a spelling error.
• ✅ English ➜ capitalized correctly.

🧠 Rule:

All languages, nationalities, and proper nouns must start with a capital letter.

✅ 17.3 Original

This might be a most suitable time for everyone to chance their thinking.

✔️ Corrected word: change

🔍 Explanation:

• The verb “chance” is a real word but means something different: to take a risk.
• The intended meaning here is to alter or shift one’s thinking, for which the correct verb is “change.”
• ❌ chance their thinking ➜ unidiomatic and semantically wrong.
• ✅ change their thinking ➜ correct idiomatic English.

🧠 Rule:

“Change one’s thinking” is the correct and idiomatic verb–noun collocation.

✅ 17.4 Original

Anyway, you will have nothing to loose if you try.

✔️ Corrected word: lose

🔍 Explanation:

• Confusion between “lose” and “loose” is very common.
• ❌ loose = adjective (not tight).
• ✅ lose = verb (to not win or to misplace something).

🧠 Common Error Tip:

• Loose = adjective: These jeans are too loose.
• Lose = verb: You have nothing to lose.

✅ 17.5 Original

You are most propable right.

✔️ Corrected word: probably

🔍 Explanation:

• This is a simple spelling error: propable is not an English word.
• The correct word is the adverb “probably,” which means “most likely.”
• ✅ probably right = natural and grammatically correct.
• ❌ propable ➜ non-existent form (possibly influenced by Finnish “todennäköinen” or Swedish “probabel”).

🧠 Form rule:

• “Probably” = adverb (modifies adjectives like “right”)
• “Probable” = adjective, not used in this structure.

✅ Summary Table

13 Bill Nighy

Awards season is good at magnifying the public personas of participants. This goes for winners and attendees, but arguably nobody pulled off this trick with more 1. panache than Bill Nighy at the Oscars.

13.1

cliché

pain

style

13.1 Panache → Style

• Correct Answer: Style
  • Panache means a distinctive and confident style or flair, which fits with how Bill Nighy presented himself at the Oscars.
  • Style is the closest synonym because it conveys the same idea of elegance and uniqueness.
• Incorrect Choices:
  • Cliché: This means an overused or predictable idea, which does not fit here.
  • Pain: This is unrelated to the meaning of panache.

*****

Nominated for best actor for his still and unshowy role in Living – a performance that was always going to be overshadowed by the grotesqueries of Elvis and The Whale – Nighy nevertheless managed to 2. hone his persona in order to carve out a small but notable moment of virility on the red carpet. This is because, upon posing for the cameras, Nighy pulled a stained Sylvanian Family rabbit out of his pocket and displayed it to the world.

13.2

bring out

hide away

even up

13.2 Hone → Bring out

• Correct Answer: Bring out
  • Hone means to refine or perfect something, and in this case, it refers to Nighy sharpening or emphasizing his persona on the red carpet.
  • Bring out fits well because it means making something more prominent or visible.
• Incorrect Choices:
  • Hide away: This is the opposite of what hone means.
  • Even up: This means to make things equal, which does not fit the context of refining a persona.

*****

It was perfect Nighy. It was restrained. It was tasteful (he was holding a member of the Babblebrook family, a design classic that was included in the original Sylvanian Families launch but is now unavailable). And it was slightly 3. sinister (the rabbit was covered in so much unidentified sauce that more than one Twitter user assumed that there had been a terrible accident). Best of all, it was unexplained. The red carpet is traditionally where stars make big political statements, like Elizabeth Taylor wearing a red ribbon for AIDS awareness in the 1990s or Ryan Gosling wearing a T-shirt with the word “Darfur” on it, so there was a sense that Nighy was simply joining in.

13.3

generous

ominous

curious

13.3 Sinister → Ominous

• Correct Answer: Ominous
  • Sinister means something that gives the impression of harm or danger, which matches the eerie description of the stained rabbit.
  • Ominous is the best synonym because it also conveys a sense of something threatening or unsettling.
• Incorrect Choices:
  • Generous: This has a positive meaning and does not fit the context.
  • Curious: This suggests interest or intrigue but lacks the sense of danger or eeriness.

*****

Maybe the rabbit represented something. Maybe he was bringing attention to the petition asking the US Fish and Wildlife Service to save the pygmy rabbit from extinction by adding it to the Endangered Species Act. Maybe, 4. stunned by the recent news that the Sylvanian Families shop in Finsbury Park, north London, is closing down after 30 years of business, he held up the Babblebrook rabbit as a protest against online commerce.

13.4

neglected

surprised

delighted

13.4 Stunned → Surprised

• Correct Answer: Surprised
  • Stunned means shocked or amazed, often due to unexpected news, which fits the context of hearing about the store closure.
  • Surprised is the closest synonym, as it conveys an unexpected reaction.
• Incorrect Choices:
  • Neglected: This means ignored or abandoned, which is unrelated.
  • Delighted: This is the opposite of what stunned means in this context.

*****

But that couldn’t have been it. Because Nighy was already drawing attention to a cause on the red carpet. He was wearing a blue ribbon as an act of solidarity with refugees. And you can’t raise awareness with two separate things on a red carpet, can you, because it 5. muddies the message? You can’t say: “I stand with refugees and also small toy mammals,” because then nobody would have a clue what you were about. You’d be laughed out of Hollywood.

13.5

distorts

displaces

dissembles

13.5 Muddies → Distorts

• Correct Answer: Distorts
  • Muddies in this context means making something unclear or confusing.
  • Distorts is the best synonym, as it means altering something in a way that makes it unclear or misleading.
• Incorrect Choices:
  • Displaces: This means to move something out of its place, which does not match the meaning of muddies the message.
  • Dissembles: This means to conceal or mislead, which does not fit the context of making a message confusing.

*****

Finally, however, we have something approaching an answer. In a statement, when asked about the mysterious Babblebrook interloper, Nighy said that “My granddaughter’s schedule intensified and I was charged with rabbit-sitting responsibilities. I wasn’t prepared to leave her unattended in a hotel room. The stakes are too high. Where I go, she goes…”

But questions remain. What sauce is the rabbit covered in? It looks like ketchup, but it could be gochujang or some sort of berry syrup. Was the sauce a recent addition? Who was responsible for that, Nighy or his granddaughter? This rabbit is currently the most famous toy rabbit on Earth, so the world deserves to know.

Source: Stuart Heritage. All ears: here’s why Bill Nighy’s Oscars date was a small stained bunny. Guardian Media Group. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/14/bill-nighy-sylvanian-rabbit-oscars-living. Published: 14.3.2023. Accessed: 15.3.2023. Adaptation: YTL.

*****

Conclusion

Each selected answer was the best choice because it accurately captured the meaning of the word in context. The incorrect alternatives either had a completely different meaning or did not fit naturally within the sentence. This task tested students’ ability to infer meaning from context rather than relying solely on dictionary definitions.

14. Dialogic A 12 p.

Read the text carefully and fill in each gap in English according to the clue and using the correct form in each sentence. Clues can be English words to be used in the correct form or Finnish words to be translated into English. If there is a grammatical term, a suitable grammatical item should be inserted.

Dialogic is a term associated ^1.ensisijaisesti^{1 p.} with the works of Mikhail Bakhtin, a literary and linguistic theorist working in ^2.Neuvostoliitto^{1 p.} in the 1920s, ^3.jonka^{1 p.} works were not discovered by Western thinkers until the 1960s.

14.1 ensisijaisesti 1 p.

primarily (1 p.) first and foremost (1 p.) foremostly (1 p.)

14.1 ensisijaisesti → primarily

Grammar Point: Adverb Formation

• Primarily is an adverb that modifies associated, indicating the main aspect of the association.
• Alternative options (first and foremost, foremostly) also function as adverbial expressions, though foremostly is less common.

14.2 Neuvostoliitto 1 p.

the Soviet Union (1 p.) the USSR (1 p.)

14.2 Neuvostoliitto → the Soviet Union

Grammar Point: Proper Nouns

• The Soviet Union is the standard English name for Neuvostoliitto.
• The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) is also an acceptable alternative, as it was commonly used in English.

14.3 jonka 1 p.

whose (1 p.)

14.3 jonka → whose

Grammar Point: Relative Pronouns

• Whose is the correct possessive relative pronoun referring to Bakhtin and his works.
• Alternative options (which, that) would not work in this possessive structure.

Bakhtin was not a Marxist or a post-structuralist, but rather ^4.ajattelija^{1 p.} interested in the social relations inherent in any form of speech or writing. He contrasts the unitary, single-voiced speech of the monologue, where only one person is speaking, with the idea of dialogue, where two or more voices engage ^5.toistensa kanssa^2p. from different points of view. Monologue, or monologia, is associated with the idea of a centralized power system, a single voice speaking the only truth ^6.joka^1p. can exist, without challenge or interplay.

14.4 ajattelija 1 p.

a thinker (1 p.)

14.4 ajattelija → a thinker

Grammar Point: Countable Nouns & Articles

• Thinker is a countable noun, so a is required.
• This sentence establishes Bakhtin’s role rather than a specific person (which would require the thinker in another context).

14.5 toistensa kanssa 2 p.

with one another (2 p.) with each other (2 p.)

14.5 toistensa kanssa → with one another / with each other

Grammar Point: Reciprocal Pronouns

• With one another and with each other both indicate reciprocal action between multiple subjects.
• Generally, each other is preferred for two people, while one another is more common for three or more, but the distinction is not strict.

14.6 joka 1 p.

that (1 p.) which (1 p.)

14.6 joka → that / which

Grammar Point: Relative Pronouns for Defining Clauses

• That and which can both be used in defining relative clauses.
• That is more common in restrictive clauses, while which is slightly more formal.

Dialogic speech, on the other hand, always involves a multiplicity of speakers and a variety of perspectives; truth ^7.tulee^1p. something negotiated and debated, rather than something pronounced ^8.prepositio^1p. on high. Monologic speech ^9.näyttää tulevan^2p. from God or nowhere; it is dissociated ^10.prepositio^{1 p.} the speaker who originates it. Dialogic speech acknowledges sets of social relations between and among speakers and is thus more descriptive of historical and cultural realities.

14.7 tulee 1 p.

becomes (1 p.) becoming (1 p.) became (1 p.) is becoming (1 p.) will become (1 p.) comes out as (1 p.) coming out as (1 p.) comes off as (1 p.) coming off as (1 p.) comes to be (1 p.) coming to be (1 p.)

14.7 tulee → becomes / comes to be

Grammar Point: Verb Choice & Aspect

• Becomes (simple present) describes a transformation or result.
• Comes to be expresses gradual development.
• Other alternatives (is becoming, will become) might fit, depending on the intended nuance.

14.8 prepositio 1 p.

from (1 p.) up (1 p.) from above (1 p.) from up (1 p.)

14.8 prepositio → from / from above

Grammar Point: Prepositional Use

• From is the simplest and most natural choice in expressions like pronounced from on high.
• From above could work but is less common in formal writing.

14.9 näyttää tulevan 2 p.

seems to be coming (2 p.) seems to come (2 p.) seemingly comes (2 p.) apparently comes (2 p.) appears to come (2 p.) appears to originate (2 p.) appears to stem (2 p.) appears to derive (2 p.) appears to be coming (2 p.) appears to be originating (2 p.) looks like coming (2 p.) looks like it comes (2 p.) looks like it is coming (2 p.)

14.9 näyttää tulevan → appears to come / seems to be coming

Grammar Point: Verb Patterns (Linking Verbs & Infinitives)

• Appears to come and seems to be coming correctly use the structure appears/seems + infinitive (to come / to be coming) to indicate perception.
• Other valid alternatives (apparently comes, looks like it comes) express a similar meaning but with slight stylistic differences.

14.10 prepositio 1 p.

from (1 p.)

14.10 prepositio → from

Grammar Point: Prepositional Use with Passive Structures

• Dissociated from is the correct prepositional phrase (as in dissociated from reality).
• Other prepositions (of, by) would be incorrect in this context.

Myös muut oikeat ilmaisut hyväksytään.

*****

Conclusion

This exercise primarily tested students’ understanding of:
✔ Relative Pronouns (whose, that/which)
✔ Prepositional Phrases (dissociated from, pronounced from on high)
✔ Verb Forms & Structures (appears to come, becomes, comes to be)
✔ Reciprocal Pronouns (each other, one another)
✔ Countable Nouns & Articles (a thinker)
✔ Adverbial Forms (primarily)

This type of task is useful for assessing precision in grammar and vocabulary in academic writing.

Choose the best alternative.

Bakhtin uses the concept of dialogism in discussing the distinction between novels and poetry 1. (as/by/with)^{1 p.} literary forms. In poetry, Bakhtin argues, words are used monologically, as if they have no connection to social or historical relations; a word has meaning only 2. (by referred/in reference/on referring)^{1 p.} to language itself. In prose fiction, by contrast, words are used dialogically, as having both etymological meaning and social meaning. The form of the novel, as exemplified in Dostoevsky, 3. (encourages/encouraged/to encourage)^{1 p.} dialogic speech, as different characters speak in  4. (recognizably/recognizing/recognized)^{1 p.} different voices and interact with others in 5. (debating/debatably/debate)^{1 p.} worldviews, rather than affirming a single worldview.

15.1 (as/by/with) → as

Grammar Point: Prepositions of Comparison

• As is used to indicate a role or function, which fits because “novels and poetry” are being classified as literary forms.
• By would imply a means of doing something (incorrect in this context).
• With would imply accompaniment (not logical here).

15.2 (by referred/in reference/on referring) → in reference

Grammar Point: Fixed Prepositional Phrase

• In reference to is a fixed phrase meaning “concerning” or “regarding.”
• By referred is incorrect because “referred” requires a subject and proper construction (e.g., “referred to by”).
• On referring would imply an ongoing action, which does not fit.

15.3 (encourages/encouraged/to encourage) → encourages

Grammar Point: Verb Tense (Present Simple)

• Encourages is correct because it refers to a general truth about Dostoevsky’s novels.
• Encouraged would imply a past action, which does not match the timeless discussion.
• To encourage is grammatically incorrect in this structure.

15.4 (recognizably/recognizing/recognized) → recognizably

Grammar Point: Adverb vs. Adjective Use

• Recognizably (adverb) correctly modifies different voices, describing how they are spoken.
• Recognizing (present participle) would be incorrect as it implies the characters themselves are recognizing something.
• Recognized (past participle) would incorrectly imply the voices were formally acknowledged.

15.5 (debating/debatably/debate) → debating

Grammar Point: Present Participle vs. Other Forms

• Debating fits because it modifies worldviews, indicating ongoing discussion.
• Debatably (adverb) would modify an adjective or verb but does not fit here.
• Debate (noun) would not grammatically connect to the sentence structure.

*****

Another aspect of Bakhtin’s dialogics appears in his discussions of the “double-voiced” word, a term he uses to describe irony or parody, or words used 6. (to/in/by)^{1 p.} quotation marks. A double-voiced word contains two meanings: a literal or monologic meaning, 7. (that is/whereas/what with)^{1 p.}, a dictionary definition, and an implied or dialogic meaning,  8. (where/which/what)^{1 p.} appears in the social relationship between the two participants in a dialogue. An example is the word “smart.” A monologic utterance would come from an authority, like a professor, who would describe a student by saying “she is very smart,” 9. (which/who/that)^{1 p.} the listener would take 10. (at/on/with)^{1 p.} face value.  

15.6 (to/in/by) → in

Grammar Point: Preposition Use with “Quotation Marks”

• In quotation marks is the correct phrase when describing words being enclosed within them.
• To quotation marks does not make sense.
• By quotation marks would imply the marks themselves are the cause of something, which is incorrect.

15.7 (that is/whereas/what with) → that is

Grammar Point: Explanation Connector

• That is is used to introduce a clarification or definition.
• Whereas (contrastive) would not fit because the sentence does not compare opposing ideas.
• What with is colloquial and does not fit in formal academic writing.

15.8 (where/which/what) → which

Grammar Point: Relative Pronoun for Defining Meaning

• Which correctly refers back to a dictionary definition, describing what appears in the social relationship.
• Where would refer to a place, which does not fit.
• What is incorrect as it would require a different sentence structure.

15.9 (which/who/that) → which

Grammar Point: Relative Pronoun for Whole Clauses

• Which correctly refers back to the entire previous clause (“she is very smart”).
• Who would only refer to a person, not the phrase.
• That could work but is less common in formal writing when referring to entire clauses.

15.10 (at/on/with) → at

Grammar Point: Fixed Phrase (“At Face Value”)

• At face value is the correct idiomatic expression meaning “taken as it appears.”
• On face value and with face value are not used in English.

*****

11. (Said/Say/Saying)^{1 p.} between two students who dislike this person, 12. (however/whatever/whoever)^{1 p.}, “she is very smart” takes  13. (with/on/at)^{1 p.} another tone, one of irony or disbelief—an added “yeah, right” that designates a worldview shared by the two speakers, but not by the person referred to. This double-voiced word is similar 14. (like/by/to)^{1 p.} the concept of the double-voiced discourse articulated by W. E. B. du Bois in 15. (discussing/having discussed/being discussed)^{1 p.} the experience of African Americans who learn 16. (having spoken/speaking/to speak)^{1 p.} two languages: that of the dominant white culture and that of their black subculture.

15.11 (Said/Say/Saying) → Said

Grammar Point: Past Participle Used as an Adjective

• Said between two students is correct because said is functioning as an adjective modifying the phrase.
• Say is incorrect because it is the base verb form.
• Saying would require a subject and different construction.

15.12 (however/whatever/whoever) → however

Grammar Point: Contrastive Adverb

• However correctly introduces contrast.
• Whatever would not fit grammatically in this context.
• Whoever refers to a person, which is irrelevant here.

15.13 (with/on/at) → on

Grammar Point: Preposition Choice with “Takes On”

• Takes on another tone is the correct phrasal verb, meaning “acquires.”
• Takes with and takes at are incorrect.

15.14 (like/by/to) → to

Grammar Point: Preposition Choice with “Similar”

• Similar to is the correct phrase.
• Similar like is incorrect because “like” is not used after “similar.”
• Similar by is not idiomatic.

15.15 (discussing/having discussed/being discussed) → discussing

Grammar Point: Gerund vs. Participle vs. Passive

• Discussing is correct because it functions as a gerund, showing an ongoing action.
• Having discussed would refer to a completed past action.
• Being discussed (passive) would shift the focus incorrectly.

15.16 (having spoken/speaking/to speak) → to speak

Grammar Point: Infinitive of Purpose

• To speak is correct because it expresses purpose (learning to speak two languages).
• Speaking would not clearly express the action’s purpose.
• Having spoken refers to a completed action, which does not fit.

*****

Conclusion

This exercise primarily tested:
✔ Prepositional Collocations (in reference to, at face value, similar to)
✔ Verb Tenses & Forms (encourages, to speak, discussing)
✔ Relative Pronouns (which, that is)
✔ Idiomatic Phrasing (takes on another tone, said between two students)
✔ Comparative Constructions (as literary forms)

This type of task is effective for evaluating accuracy in advanced grammar and academic writing.

Analysis of the Text Comprehension Task: “History Is Calling”

This exercise assesses students’ ability to select words that best fit the context based on meaning and collocations. Below is a breakdown of the correct answers and why they were the best choices over the alternatives.

14. History Is Calling 10 p.

Read the text and choose the best alternative from the drop-down menu to fill in the gaps.

The co-chair of the First Peoples’ Assembly of Victoria has 1. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused)^{1 p.} state Greens MPs to publicly back a “yes” campaign and stand with Aboriginal communities supporting a 2. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused)  ^{1 p.} Voice to federal parliament.

*****

1. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused) → challenged

• Challenged fits because the sentence refers to calling upon Greens MPs to take action and support the “yes” campaign.
• Elected would be incorrect as the MPs were not being chosen for a role.
• Protected and excluded do not match the meaning of urging someone to take action.
• Concerned does not imply a demand or confrontation.
• Accused would mean blaming someone for something, which is not the case here.

2. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused) → protected

• Protected fits because the sentence suggests ensuring the rights of Aboriginal communities in relation to the Voice.
• Challenged would mean questioning or confronting, which does not fit the meaning here.
• Elected does not make sense in the context of securing rights.
• Excluded implies being left out, which is not the intended meaning.
• Concerned does not fit the context.
• Accused is incorrect because the sentence is not about blaming anyone.

Marcus Stewart 3. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused)^{1 p.} the Greens of stoking a “no” campaign and urged the state parliamentary party, which has been unusually quiet on the referendum, to join the fight or risk ending up on the wrong side of history.

“I hold hope that the Greens will not only support a Voice to parliament but also campaign yes,” Stewart said. “As far as I’m 4. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused)^{1 p.}, if the Greens aren’t actively campaigning yes, they are stoking a no vote among their base. History is calling. Let’s hope they show up and answer that call.”

*****

3. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused) → accused

• Accused is correct because the sentence implies that Marcus Stewart is blaming the Greens for stoking a “no” campaign.
• Challenged would not fit as well in this sentence because it does not imply blame.
• Elected, protected, excluded, and concerned do not match the context of blame.

4. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused) → concerned

• Concerned fits because the phrase “as far as I’m concerned” is an idiomatic expression meaning “in my opinion.”
• Challenged would not make sense in this context.
• Elected, protected, excluded, and accused do not fit.

The First Peoples’ Assembly is a body 5. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused)^{1 p.} every four years by Indigenous Victorians to help develop a treaty framework.

The federal Greens remain 6. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) ^{1 p.} about the issue of giving First Nations people a more powerful say in national affairs. The reason for this is that the Victorian Greens have so far refused to outline their position on the Voice, despite making noises and being 7. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) ^{1 p.} about other federal issues that do not fall within the jurisdiction of state governments.

*****

5. (challenged / elected / protected / excluded / concerned / accused) → elected

• Elected is correct because the First Peoples’ Assembly is chosen through an election every four years.
• Challenged would mean questioned, which does not make sense.
• Protected and excluded do not fit logically.
• Concerned and accused are unrelated to the meaning.

6. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) → unsettled

• Unsettled is correct because it conveys uncertainty or hesitation about an issue.
• Ardent would mean passionate, which does not fit the Greens’ unclear stance.
• Criminal and infamous have negative connotations that do not apply.
• Vocal would mean actively expressing opinions, which contradicts the idea of being hesitant.
• Acting does not make sense in this context.

7. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) → vocal

• Vocal fits because the sentence describes the Greens as outspoken on other issues.
• Ardent would mean passionate, but vocal specifically means expressing opinions publicly.
• Criminal, unsettled, infamous, and acting do not fit here.

Current 8. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) ^{1 p.} Greens leader Sam Hibbins, who was an 9. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) ^{1 p.} campaigner for the ‘yes’ vote during the marriage equality referendum, on Friday said his party supported the Truth, Treaty and Voice elements of the Uluru Statement from the Heart.

“The Victorian Greens will continue to campaign for justice for First Nations peoples, including 10. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) ^{1 p.} justice reform like raising the age of criminal responsibility to 14 and fixing Victoria’s broken bail laws.”

*****

8. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) → acting

• Acting is correct because it refers to the temporary leadership role of the Greens leader.
• Ardent would mean enthusiastic, which does not describe a leadership position.
• Criminal and infamous do not fit.
• Unsettled and vocal do not describe a leader’s role.

9. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) → ardent

• Ardent is correct because it describes someone who was passionate about a cause (marriage equality).
• Criminal, unsettled, infamous, vocal, and acting do not fit the meaning of strong advocacy.

10. (ardent / criminal / unsettled / infamous / vocal / acting) → criminal

• Criminal is correct because it refers to criminal justice reform, such as raising the age of criminal responsibility.
• Ardent, unsettled, infamous, vocal, and acting do not fit the context of legal reforms.

Conclusion

This task primarily tested:
✔ Collocations and Fixed Expressions (as far as I’m concerned, acting leader)
✔ Contextual Meaning (challenged vs. accused, protected vs. excluded)
✔ Precision in Adjective Choice (unsettled vs. vocal, ardent vs. infamous)
✔ Idiomatic and Thematic Understanding (criminal justice reform, elected by Indigenous Victorians)

This type of exercise is useful for assessing vocabulary precision and comprehension of nuanced meanings in political and social contexts.

Analysis of the Grammar Task: “Introverts in the Workplace”

This exercise assesses students’ ability to apply grammatical structures, verb forms, and collocations correctly based on Finnish clues. Below is a breakdown of the grammar points tested in each sentence.

15 Introverts in the Workplace 11 p.

Read the text carefully and fill in each gap in English according to the clue and using the correct form in each sentence. Clues can be English words to be used in the correct form or Finnish words to be translated into English.

When Angel Yang got her first job after studying math at university, she quickly realized it 1. vaatisi^{1 p.} her to use more than just technical skills. As an analyst in an insurance firm, she had to 2. osallistua^{1 p.}meetings and speak about her work. Ms. Yang, an introvert who detested speaking in front of groups, found it debilitating. She dealt with a lot of anxiety in the early days of her career, worrying about what could go wrong. What if she 3. jähmettyisi^{1 p.} in mid-sentence? Everything was possible.

*****

1. vaatisi → would require / would need / would call for (Conditional + Modal Verb)

• The phrase “vaatisi” suggests a hypothetical or conditional situation, requiring a modal verb like would.
• Require, need, and call for all convey necessity.
• Other modal verbs (could, should) would change the meaning, making them incorrect.

2. osallistua → participate in / take part in / partake in / attend (Verb + Preposition Collocation)

• Participate requires “in” (participate in a meeting).
• Attend does not need a preposition (attend a meeting).
• Take part in and partake in are correct phrasal alternatives.
• Join would not work because it implies becoming a member rather than taking part in an event.

3. jähmettyisi → froze / should freeze / would freeze / was to freeze / were to freeze (Conditional & Hypothetical Structures)

• This sentence introduces a hypothetical fear, triggering conditional structures:
  • Would freeze (Type 2 conditional: general hypothetical scenario).
  • Were to freeze (formal hypothetical).
  • Was to freeze (less common, formal).
  • Should freeze (less likely, but possible).
  • Froze (past simple for hypothetical situations).
• Freezes (present tense) would be incorrect as it suggests a real possibility.

While anxiety about speaking up in meetings is common among introverts, Ms. Yang says that, 4. ^.hänen kokemuksensa mukaan^{2 p.}, preparation and practice can lessen it. Studies show extroverts enjoy more advantages in the workplace, which puts the burden on introverts 5. löytää tapoja^{1 p.} to stand out. And with research showing 30 to 50 per cent of the workforce are introverts, it’s also up to employers to make space for introverts to be 6. see and hear^{1 p.}.

*****

4. hänen kokemuksensa mukaan → in her experience / according to her experience / based on her experience / judging by her experience / judging from her experience / speaking from (her) experience (Prepositional Phrases & Fixed Expressions)

• These expressions correctly translate “hänen kokemuksensa mukaan” and are commonly used in English.
• According to is more objective, while in her experience is personal.
• Based on and judging by/from imply a conclusion drawn from experience.
• Speaking from experience emphasizes firsthand knowledge.

5. löytää tapoja → to find ways / to find means / to come up with ways / to discover ways / to figure out ways / to find out ways (Infinitive Verb + Object Collocation)

• These expressions correctly match the meaning of “löytää tapoja.”
• To find means is slightly more formal than to find ways.
• To come up with and to figure out add a sense of creativity or problem-solving.

6. see and hear → seen and heard / heard and seen (Passive Past Participle)

• The correct form is passive voice (to be seen and heard), as introverts are receiving the action.
• See and hear (active voice) would mean introverts are doing the seeing/hearing, which is incorrect.
• Heard and seen is equally correct but reverses the order.

Ms. Yang tries to find out 7. etukäteen^{1 p.} what will be discussed at a meeting where she’s speaking, so she can give it some thought and prepare notes. It gives her some 8. varmuutta^{1 p.} that what she’s presenting is important and covers all the bases. She also visualizes the meeting and questions that might 9. pose^{1 p.}.

“I realized after working for two years [that] people are more 10. kiinnostuneita^{1 p.} what you say than how you present,” she says. “People value your professional opinion more than the show that you give.”

*****

7. etukäteen → in advance / beforehand / ahead / ahead of time / upfront (Time Expressions & Adverbs)

• These are all correct translations of “etukäteen.”
• In advance and beforehand are the most commonly used in formal contexts.
• Ahead and ahead of time also work well.
• Upfront is informal but still correct.

8. varmuutta → confidence / self-confidence / certainty (Noun Choice for Abstract Concept)

• Confidence is the best choice in this context (self-assurance).
• Self-confidence emphasizes personal belief in oneself.
• Certainty is slightly different, implying knowing something for sure rather than feeling sure of oneself.

9. pose → be posed / get posed / pose themselves (Passive Voice & Reflexive Verbs)

• Be posed (passive voice) is correct because questions are posed rather than posing themselves.
• Get posed is a more informal alternative but still correct.
• Pose themselves is incorrect because questions do not act independently.

10. kiinnostuneita → interested in / intrigued by / keen on / curious about / into (Adjective + Preposition Collocation)

• Interested in is the most common translation for “kiinnostuneita.”
• Intrigued by suggests fascination or curiosity.
• Keen on is common in British English but slightly informal.
• Curious about means wanting to know more.
• Into is informal and more casual.

HUOM: Myös muut oikeat ilmaisut hyväksytään.

Conclusion

This task primarily tested:
✔ Conditional Structures (would require, would freeze, were to freeze)
✔ Collocations and Fixed Expressions (participate in, interested in, in advance)
✔ Passive Voice & Active Voice (seen and heard, be posed)
✔ Idiomatic Usage & Prepositions (in her experience, according to her experience, keen on, intrigued by)
✔ Correct Word Forms (confidence vs. certainty, self-confidence vs. confidence)

This exercise effectively measures both grammatical accuracy and lexical precision, requiring students to have a strong grasp of both structural correctness and idiomatic usage.

Analysis of the Grammar Task: “The Silent Struggles of Workers with ADHD”

This task tests students’ understanding of verb tense, prepositions, collocations, participles, and other grammatical structures in context. Below is a breakdown of the grammar points assessed in each sentence and why the correct answer is preferable to the alternatives.

16. The Silent Struggles of Workers with ADHD 14 p.

Read the text and choose the best alternative for each gap.

Unlike their neurotypical counterparts, workers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder often find themselves 1. (left / have been left / have been leaving)^{1 p.} behind.

When Christian got laid off 2. (in the late 2022 / in later 2022 / in late 2022)^{1 p.}, he wasn’t surprised. The 3. (31-years-old / 31-year old / 31-year-old) ^{1 p.}, based in New York City, knew he’d fallen behind 4. (from / on / of)^{1 p.} his projects as a management consultant, and underperformed with essential job duties.

*****

1. left (Correct) vs. have been left / have been leaving (Passive vs. Active Voice, Simple vs. Perfect Tense)

• Left (past participle used adjectivally) correctly conveys that ADHD workers feel abandoned or behind in comparison to neurotypical colleagues.
• Have been left would imply an ongoing passive action, which doesn’t fit the general statement.
• Have been leaving is incorrect because the subject (workers) is receiving the action rather than performing it.

2. in late 2022 (Correct) vs. in the late 2022 / in later 2022 (Fixed Time Expressions)

• In late 2022 is the correct phrase for referring to the final months of a given year.
• In the late 2022 is incorrect because “late” functions as an adjective, not a noun requiring an article.
• In later 2022 is incorrect because “later” needs to be followed by a comparison (later than what?).

3. 31-year-old (Correct) vs. 31-years-old / 31-year old (Compound Adjectives and Hyphenation Rules)

• 31-year-old is correct because it follows the rule for hyphenating age adjectives before a noun (a 31-year-old worker).
• 31-years-old is incorrect because “years” (plural) should not be used in a compound adjective.
• 31-year old is incorrect because “year-old” must be hyphenated when functioning as an adjective.

4. on (Correct) vs. from / of (Preposition Choice: “Fall Behind On” Collocation)

• Fall behind on is the correct collocation when referring to tasks, projects, or deadlines.
• Fall behind from is incorrect because “from” does not fit with “fall behind.”
• Fall behind of is ungrammatical.

“I had a tough time grappling with the sorts of executive functioning that our world operates by, like 5. (being able / having been able / enabling) ^{1 p.} to set up meetings, follow through with things, focus and be detail oriented,” he says. His manager had pointed 6. (out / over / on)^{1 p.} these failings for months, which is why his termination was hardly shocking.

It’s not that he consciously slacked at work, says Christian – his ADHD got in the way. Christian 7. (is living / was living / has been living)^{1 p.} with the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder since he was 15. It helped put a name to why he struggles with certain tasks his peers often don’t – the same things that ultimately 8. (got / get / gotten)^{1 p.} him sacked. And although his ADHD was 9. (mostly / foremost / at most)^{1 p.} manageable through university, its effects ramped up 10. (while / where / when)^{1 p.} he got into the workforce. It’s held him back ever since.

*****

5. being able (Correct) vs. having been able / enabling (Gerund vs. Past Perfect vs. Incorrect Form)

• Being able is correct because it follows like and lists abilities (being able to set up meetings, follow through, etc.).
• Having been able is incorrect because it refers to a completed past action, which doesn’t fit the general statement.
• Enabling is incorrect because it means “making something possible” rather than describing an ability.

6. out (Correct) vs. over / on (Phrasal Verb “Point Out”)

• Point out is correct as it means “to highlight or indicate something.”
• Point over and point on are not valid phrasal verbs in this context.

7. has been living (Correct) vs. is living / was living (Present Perfect Continuous vs. Present Simple vs. Past Continuous)

• Has been living is correct because it describes a continuous state from the past until the present (since he was 15).
• Is living would imply a present state only, omitting the duration.
• Was living would indicate a past state without connection to the present.

8. got (Correct) vs. get / gotten (Past Simple vs. Present vs. Past Participle)

• Got (past simple) correctly refers to a completed past action (he got sacked).
• Get is incorrect because it suggests present tense.
• Gotten (past participle) would require an auxiliary verb (had gotten sacked), which is not in the sentence.

9. mostly (Correct) vs. foremost / at most (Adverb Choice for Degree and Frequency)

• Mostly means “for the most part,” which fits the context of general manageability of ADHD symptoms.
• Foremost means “most important” and does not describe the degree of manageability.
• At most means “a maximum amount” and does not fit the context.

10. when (Correct) vs. while / where (Time Clause Conjunctions)

• When is correct because it refers to a specific moment in time (when he got into the workforce).
• While would suggest two simultaneous actions, which is not the intended meaning.
• Where refers to a location, making it incorrect.

Global data from 2020 estimates the rate of adult ADHD at 2.58%. This means 11. (millions of people / millions of the peoples / millions people)^{1 p.} experience hurdles like Christian’s – and some don’t 12. (either / even / never)^{1 p.} know why. As ADHD diagnoses tick 13. (through / down / up)^{2 p.}, so too does awareness – and this can help contextualise these workers’ struggles for both colleagues and employers, and potentially illuminate new pathways for support.

*****

11. millions of people (Correct) vs. millions of the peoples / millions people (Plural Forms and Quantifiers)

• Millions of people is correct because millions is a quantifier that takes a plural noun without “the.”
• Millions of the peoples is incorrect because peoples refers to different ethnic groups, which is not the context here.
• Millions people is incorrect because the word “of” is necessary after a numerical quantifier.

12. even (Correct) vs. either / never (Adverb for Emphasis)

• Even correctly emphasizes that some people don’t know they have ADHD (don’t even know why).
• Either is incorrect because it is used for negative comparisons (I don’t know, and you don’t either).
• Never is incorrect because the sentence is in present simple (some don’t even know why), not past.

13. up (Correct) vs. through / down (Phrasal Verb “Tick Up”)

• Tick up means “increase slightly,” which fits the context of rising ADHD diagnoses.
• Tick through is incorrect because “tick through” is not a common phrase.
• Tick down means “decrease,” which contradicts the context.

Conclusion

This exercise tests multiple key grammar points:
✔ Verb Tense & Aspect (has been living, got, being able)
✔ Prepositions & Collocations (fall behind on, point out)
✔ Adjective & Noun Modifiers (31-year-old, millions of people)
✔ Fixed Expressions & Phrasal Verbs (tick up, point out, fall behind on)
✔ Time Clauses & Conjunctions (when he got into the workforce)

This task effectively assesses students’ ability to choose contextually appropriate grammar structures and collocations, which are key skills for fluency in English.

13  Text: After a Shaky Start, Airborne Wind Energy Is Slowly Taking Off

Companies are developing technologies, such as large kites, that can harvest wind energy up to a half-mile above ground. While still in its nascent stages, airborne wind power could potentially be used in remote locations or flying from barges far offshore.

Look up over the white sand beaches of Mauritius and you may see a gigantic sail, much like the kind used by paragliders or kite surfers but the size of a three-bedroom apartment, looping figure-eights overhead. The sail isn’t a tourist attraction — it’s creating electricity for the power grid of this island.

Launched by German company SkySails Power, the massive wing is the world’s first fully autonomous commercial “airborne wind energy” (AWE) system. For the past months, the company says, it has been delivering a little under its goal of 100 kilowatts — typically enough to power up to 50 homes. That’s just a tiny fraction of the island’s electricity demand, but, SkySails hopes, a sign of the future.

As the world heads towards net-zero emissions, pretty much every pathway for future electricity production foresees a big role for wind. The International Energy Association forecasts wind energy skyrocketing 11-fold by 2050, with wind and solar together accounting for 70 percent of the planet’s electricity demands. Thanks to the expanding number of wind turbines dotting fields and adorning ridgelines worldwide, the cost of wind power has plummeted about 40 percent over the past decade.

But some experts say those massive turbines aren’t always the best solution — they can be expensive or logistically impossible to install in remote locations or deep waters, and just can’t reach the lofty heights where the wind blows hardest. To harvest these spots, the key may be to fly a kite. Rainclouds do not hinder them, just like they don’t hinder conventional turbines. Dozens of companies and a handful of academic institutions are now investigating numerous airborne options. These range from soft wings that convert the tug and pull on a kite’s line to useful energy, to complex rigid craft that carry turbines and generators on board and shuttle electricity down a tether.

In some countries, suitable land for wind farms is getting slim: Wind farms typically need a whopping 71 acres to generate a megawatt, compared to 12 acres for a fossil fuel plant, and the ideal locations will eventually run out. “The first farms are in the best spots, and the best spots are limited,” says Cristina Archer from the University of Delaware.

It’s relatively cheap and easy to bring a wing to a remote location, adds Archer; these systems can be dropped off wherever there’s a road or dock. They can also be tethered to an anchored barge in deep waters, where a traditional wind turbine cannot stand firm. Their height is adaptable, so they can be moved up or down to wherever the wind blows the hardest, which often changes with the seasons.

These ideas have been around for decades, but the path to using kites, wings, or drones to capture wind energy has been bumpy. In 2020, for example, an airborne wind energy company acquired by Google famously folded operations after engineers couldn’t make their system work economically. But others pursuing lighter, simpler versions of the technology, like SkySails, are now going commercial.

13. Wind Energy 8 p.

Which word means about the same as the underlined word in this context?

13.1 While still in its nascent stages, airborne wind power could potentially be used in remote locations or flying from barges far offshore. 1 p.

aquatic / uncertain / beginning

13.2 Look up over the white sand beaches of Mauritius and you may see a gigantic sail, much like the kind used by paragliders or kite surfers but the size of a three-bedroom apartment, looping figure-eights overhead. 1 p.

circuiting / shifting / dropping

13.3 That’s just a tiny fraction of the island’s electricity demand, but, SkySails hopes, a sign of the future. 1 p.

proportion / opening / breakage

13.4 Thanks to the expanding number of wind turbines dotting fields and adorning ridgelines worldwide, the cost of wind power has plummeted about 40 percent over the past decade. 1 p.

constituted / increased / collapsed

13.5 These range from soft wings that convert the tug and pull on a kite’s line to useful energy, to complex rigid craft that carry turbines and generators on board and shuttle electricity down a tether. 1 p.

endure / transform / support

13.6 Wind farms typically need a whopping 71 acres to generate a megawatt, compared to 12 acres for a fossil fuel plant, and the ideal locations will eventually run out. 1 p.

mediocre / multiple / massive

13.7 They can also be tethered to an anchored barge in deep waters, where a traditional wind turbine cannot stand firm. 1 p.

reclined / released / attached

13.8 These ideas have been around for decades, but the path to using kites, wings, or drones to capture wind energy has been bumpy. 1 p.

intense / smooth / difficult

*****
Here’s an analysis of the synonym choices, explaining why the correct ones were the best options and why the others were less suitable.

13.1 nascent → beginning

Correct choice: beginning

• Nascent refers to something in its early stages of development, just starting to grow or become established. Beginning is the closest match in meaning.

Why not the others?

• Aquatic relates to water, which is irrelevant in this context.
• Uncertain implies doubt or unpredictability, but nascent refers more to something newly emerging rather than being unclear.

13.2 looping → circuiting

Correct choice: circuiting

• The word looping describes a movement that follows a circular or repetitive path. Circuiting conveys a similar idea of movement around a path.

Why not the others?

• Shifting means moving from one place to another but does not imply a repeated motion.
• Dropping means falling downward, which does not fit the context.

13.3 fraction → proportion

Correct choice: proportion

• A fraction is a part of a whole, which is well matched by proportion in meaning.

Why not the others?

• Opening suggests an entrance or beginning, which does not fit the meaning of fraction.
• Breakage refers to something being broken, which is unrelated.

13.4 plummeted → collapsed

Correct choice: collapsed

• Plummeted means to fall sharply, especially in value or quantity. Collapsed also conveys a rapid and significant decrease, making it the best synonym.

Why not the others?

• Constituted means to make up or form something, which is unrelated to the meaning of plummeted.
• Increased is the opposite of plummeted.

13.5 convert → transform

Correct choice: transform

• Convert means to change from one form to another, which matches the meaning of transform closely.

Why not the others?

• Endure means to withstand or persist, which does not fit the context of changing something.
• Support means to hold up or assist, which is not synonymous with convert.

13.6 whopping → massive

Correct choice: massive

• Whopping is an informal way of saying something is extremely large. Massive is a suitable synonym because it also conveys great size.

Why not the others?

• Mediocre means average or unimpressive, which is the opposite of whopping.
• Multiple means many, but it does not necessarily convey a sense of size.

13.7 tethered → attached

Correct choice: attached

• Tethered means fastened or tied to something, which is best matched by attached.

Why not the others?

• Reclined means leaned back or rested, which is unrelated.
• Released means set free or let go, which is the opposite of tethered.

13.8 bumpy → difficult

Correct choice: difficult

• Bumpy metaphorically describes a challenging or rough journey, which is best captured by difficult.

Why not the others?

• Intense means strong or extreme, but it does not imply challenges or obstacles.
• Smooth is the opposite of bumpy.

Each correct choice closely matches the meaning of the underlined word in the given context, while the incorrect choices either have a different meaning or do not fit the sentence logically.

Replace the underlined expressions with more formal ones. Make sure the replacement fits the sentence structure.

(1) Mr. Johnson^{1 p.},
I am writing to apply for the assistant (2) job^{1 p.} advertised on your web page. As requested, I have filled in the application form and attached my (3) work experience list^{1 p.}, and two references.

The role is very appealing, and I believe my strong experience at the local newspaper makes me a highly competitive (4) seeker^{1 p.}. My key strengths include:

• I have successfully (5) helped^{1 p.} both writers and photographers
• I am familiar with various layout programmes
• I have excellent social media skills

I can be reached (6) whenever you like^{2 p.} via email at m.meikalainen@email.fi, or by mobile phone +35840123789456.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I (7) am waiting to speak^{1 p.} with you about this (8) work^{1 p.} (9) chance^{1 p.}.

(10) Best^{1 p.}, Miitu Meikäläinen

*****

Accepted versions:

1. Mr Johnson / Dear Mr Johnson / Dear Mr. Johnson / Dear Gareth Johnson

2. job / position / post

3. work experience list / curriculum vitae / CV / resume

4. seeker / candidate / applicant

5. helped / assisted / aided / supported

6. whenever you like / at your convenience / anytime / at a convenient time / at any time

7. am waiting to speak / look forward to speaking

8. work / employment

9. chance / opportunity

10. Best / Sincerely / Kind regards / Sincerely yours / Yours sincerely / Regards / Yours truly / Yours / Best regards

Myös muut oikeat ilmaisut hyväksytään.

*****

Here is an analysis of the accepted formal alternatives and why they are better suited for a formal cover letter:

1. “Mr. Johnson” → “Dear Mr Johnson” / “Dear Mr. Johnson” / “Dear Gareth Johnson”

Why is the formal version better?

• In professional correspondence, it is standard to start with Dear [Title] [Last Name] instead of simply writing the recipient’s name.
• Including a title (Mr., Ms., Dr.) and the last name is polite and expected in business writing.
• If the applicant knows the recipient’s full name, using Dear Gareth Johnson is acceptable but still formal.

2. “job” → “position” / “post”

Why is the formal version better?

• Job is a more casual term, while position and post are more professional and commonly used in job applications.
• Post is slightly more formal and commonly used in British English.

3. “work experience list” → “curriculum vitae” / “CV” / “resume”

Why is the formal version better?

• Work experience list is an informal and imprecise way to describe this document.
• CV (curriculum vitae) is the standard term in Europe and academic settings.
• Resume is more commonly used in American English.

4. “seeker” → “candidate” / “applicant”

Why is the formal version better?

• Seeker (as in “job seeker”) is a general term, whereas candidate or applicant is more specific to someone actively applying for a particular role.
• Candidate suggests someone being considered for a position.
• Applicant emphasizes the act of applying.

5. “helped” → “assisted” / “aided” / “supported”

Why is the formal version better?

• Helped is a general and informal verb.
• Assisted and aided sound more professional and emphasize a purposeful contribution.
• Supported suggests offering guidance or backup, which might be relevant depending on the context.

6. “whenever you like” → “at your convenience” / “anytime” / “at a convenient time” / “at any time”

Why is the formal version better?

• Whenever you like sounds too casual and personal.
• At your convenience is a polite and professional phrase used in business communication.
• At a convenient time conveys flexibility in a more respectful manner.

7. “am waiting to speak” → “look forward to speaking”

Why is the formal version better?

• Am waiting to speak sounds passive and slightly impatient.
• Look forward to speaking conveys eagerness in a more polished and professional way.

8. “work” → “employment”

Why is the formal version better?

• Work is a broad and general term.
• Employment sounds more professional in a cover letter, referring specifically to one’s role in a professional setting.

9. “chance” → “opportunity”

Why is the formal version better?

• Chance sounds informal and uncertain.
• Opportunity is the preferred term in professional contexts, emphasizing potential growth or advancement.

10. “Best” → “Sincerely” / “Kind regards” / “Sincerely yours” / “Yours sincerely” / “Regards” / “Yours truly” / “Yours” / “Best regards”

Why is the formal version better?

• Best alone is too informal for a cover letter.
• Sincerely and Yours sincerely are standard professional closings.
• Kind regards and Best regards are slightly less formal but still professional.
• Yours truly is common in American business correspondence.

Final Thoughts

The accepted formal versions improve the professionalism and clarity of the cover letter. They replace casual or imprecise expressions with standard business English, ensuring the letter sounds polished, respectful, and suitable for a job application.

13. Impressions of America 10 p.

Read the text carefully and fill in each gap in English according to the clue and using the correct form in each sentence.

In the 1880s, the great Irish writer Oscar Wilde travelled in the United States. His travel journals, Impressions of America, are from 1906. In the following extract he finds himself in Salt Lake City.

Salt Lake City contains only two buildings of note, the chief being the Tabernacle, which is in the shape of a soup-kettle. It is decorated by a native artist, and he has treated religious subjects in the naive spirit of the early Florentine painters, representing people of our own day in the dress of the period (1) rinnakkain^{1 p.} with people of Biblical history who (2) clothe^{1 p.} in some romantic costume.

1. rinnakkain → side by side / next to each other / shoulder to shoulder / along / together / standing / in parallel / parallel

• The phrase describes the positioning of people in the painting.
• Best choice: Side by side or next to each other best express the idea of placement.
• Shoulder to shoulder suggests closeness but is usually used for physical proximity, not paintings.
• In parallel and parallel are more mathematical or technical.
• Along and together are acceptable but less precise.

✅ “Side by side” or “next to each other” were the best choices because they clearly describe the positioning of the people in the painting.

2. clothe → are clothed / have been clothed / were clothed / had been clothed

• Best choice: Are clothed fits best, as it describes a current state.
• Were clothed and had been clothed refer to past states, which could also fit depending on context.
• Have been clothed suggests an ongoing action in the past with relevance to the present.
• Using just clothe would be incorrect because the passive form is needed.

✅ “Are clothed” was the best choice because it correctly describes the state of being dressed in a passive construction.

The building next in importance is called the Amelia Palace, in honour of one of (3) Brigham Youngin vaimoista^{1 p.}. When he died the present president of the Mormons stood up in the Tabernacle and said that it had been revealed to him that he was to have the Amelia Palace, and that on this subject there were to be no more revelations of any kind

From Salt Lake City one travels over the great plains of Colorado and up (4) Kalliovuoret^{1 p.}, on the top of which is Leadville, the richest city in the world. It has also got the reputation of being the roughest, and every man carries a revolver.

3. Brigham Youngin vaimoista → Brigham Young’s wives / the wives of Brigham Young / the wives of Brigham Young’s

• Best choice: Brigham Young’s wives is the most natural and direct.
• The wives of Brigham Young is also correct but sounds more formal.
• The wives of Brigham Young’s is grammatically incorrect.

✅ “Brigham Young’s wives” was the best choice because it is the most natural and concise way to express possession.

4. Kalliovuoret → the Rocky Mountains / the Rockies / to the Rockies / to the Rocky Mountains

• Best choice: The Rocky Mountains is the full formal name.
• The Rockies is a common, informal alternative.
• To the Rockies and to the Rocky Mountains are correct only if the sentence requires a preposition indicating movement.

✅ “The Rocky Mountains” was the best choice because it is the full and proper name of the mountain range.

I (5) tell^{1 p.} that if I went there they would be sure to shoot me or my travelling manager. I wrote them saying that nothing that they could do to my travelling manager would intimidate me. They are miners—men working in metals, so I lectured to them (6) prepositio^{1 p.} the Ethics of Art.